Chapter Eight

Training &
Development
 Objectives
O Discuss the forces influencing the workplace
and learning and explain how training can
help companies deal with these forces
O Draw a figure or diagram and explain how
training, development, informal learning, and
knowledge management contribute to
business success
O Discuss various aspects of the training design
process

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 Objectives
O Describe the amount and types of training
occurring in U.S. companies
O Discuss the key roles for training
professionals
O Identify appropriate resources for learning
about training research and practice

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 Importance of Training
O There are many challenges and opportunities
in the workplace today
O Training equips individuals with necessary
knowledge, skills, and abilities
O Training serves to attract employees to
companies, engages, them, and promotes
retention
O Training helps to create a competitive
advantage

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 Key Components of Learning

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 Key Components of Learning
O Learning
o Acquiring knowledge, skills, competencies,
attitudes, or behaviors
O Human Capital
o Knowledge
o Advanced skills
o System understanding and creativity
o Motivation to deliver high-quality products
and services
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 Key Components of Learning
O Training
o Facilitates learning job-related
competencies, knowledge, skills or behavior
O Development
o Future focused—includes formal education,
job experiences, relationships, and
assessments
O Formal Training and Development
o Developed and organized by the company

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 Key Components of Learning
O Informal learning
o Learner initiated
o Occurs without a trainer or instructor
o Motivated by an intent to develop
o Does not occur in a formal learning setting
o Breadth, depth, and timing is controlled by
the employee

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 Key Components of Learning
O Explicit Knowledge
o Well documented, easily articulated, and
easily transferred from person-to-person
o Primary focus of formal training
O Tacit Knowledge
o Personal knowledge based on individual
experiences that is difficult to codify
o Facilitated by informal learning

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 Key Components of Learning
O Knowledge Management
o Tools, processes, systems, structures, and
cultures to improve the creation, sharing,
and use of knowledge

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 Systematic Training Design

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 Analysis

Evaluation Design

ADDIE

Implementation Development

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 Forces Impacting Learning
O Economic cycles O Generational
O Globalization differences
O Value of intangible O Talent management
assets and human O Customer service and
capital quality emphasis
O Focus on links to O New technology
business strategy O High-performance
O Changing demographics models of work systems
and diversity

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of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Globalization
O Global companies must find talented
employees
O Expatriates require training for success
O Individuals from different countries come to
the U.S. for low-skill work and highly
technical positions
O There are pros and cons of outsourcing

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 Intangible Assets

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 Implications
O Knowledge workers are becoming more
important
O A greater focus on employee engagement is
needed
O There is an increasing need for companies
to become “learning organizations”

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 Links to Business Strategy
O Given the importance of intangible assets and
human capital, training has greater strategic
importance
O Training is no longer an isolated function, but
rather an integral part of business success
O Different companies have different strategic
training needs—one size does not fit all

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 Racial and Ethnic Diversity
O The U.S. labor force will continue to grow
more racially and ethnically
O The projected annual growth rates are higher
for Hispanics and “other groups” than for
African Americans
O By 2022, the workforce is projected to by 78%
Caucasian

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 Five Generations at Work in
2022
O Traditionalist- born between 1922 and 1945.
O Baby Boomers - born between 1946 and 1964
O Generation X - born between the mid-1960s and the early-
1980s
O Generation Y—Millennials the generation born in the 1980s
and 1990s, comprising primarily the children of the baby
boomers and typically perceived as increasingly familiar with
digital and electronic technology.
O Generation Z—Digital Natives the newest generation to be
named and were born between 1996 and 2015. They are
currently between 5-24 years old
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 Managing Diversity
O Communicating effectively
O Coaching, training, and developing
O Providing performance feedback that is
free of stereotypes
O Recognizing and responding to
generational differences
O Allowing employees of all backgrounds
to be creative and innovative

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 Talent Management
O Systematic, planned, and strategic effort
by a company to attract, retain, develop,
and motivate highly skilled talent
O Key components
o acquiring and assessing employees
o learning and development
o performance management and
compensation

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 Talent Management
O It’s important for a number of reasons:
o Changes in demand for certain
occupations and jobs
o Cognitive and interpersonal skill
requirements
o Anticipated retirement of baby
boomers
o Developing managerial talent

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 Service & Quality Emphasis
O Total Quality Management (TQM)
o Companywide effort to continuously
improve the ways people, machines, and
systems accomplish work
O Quality Standards
o Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award
o ISO 9000:2000

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 Baldrige Award Criteria
O Leadership
O Measurement, analysis, and knowledge
management
O Strategic planning
O Workforce focus
O Operational focus
O Results
O Customer focus

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 Service & Quality Emphasis
O Six Sigma
o Measuring, analyzing, improving, and
then controlling processes once they
have been brought within the narrow
six sigma quality tolerances or
standards

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 New Technology
O Technology has changed how we train
O Training can occur at any time, anywhere
O Training is more consistent and more realistic
O More individuals can now be trained
O Knowledge can be shared by readily
O Trainers roles have evolved
O Many organizations used blended training
methods

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 Challenges with New Technology
O Not all trainees may be comfortable with
technology
O It may be difficult to engage trainees and
ensure compliance with training
O Some trainees may desire greater “live”
interaction with trainers

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 High Performance Systems
O Work teams
o Employees interact to assemble a product or
provide a service
O Cross training
o Training employees in a range of skills to fill
roles needed to be performed
O Virtual teams
o Teams separated by time, geographic, and
organizational boundaries
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 Snapshot of Training Practices
O Technology-based learning has helped
improve learning efficiency
O Technology-based learning has resulted
in a larger employee–learning staff
member ratio
O The percentage of services distributed by
external providers has remained the same
since 2010

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 Snapshot of Training Practices
O Direct expenditures have remained stable
O Increased demand for specialized learning
that includes professional or industry-
specific content
O Use of technology-based learning has
increased
O Self-paced online learning is the most
common technology-based learning

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 BEST Award Winners
O Training supports business strategy
O Visible support from top management
O Efficiency in training
O All employees with access to training on
an as-needed basis
O Variety of learning opportunities
O Measurement of training effectiveness
O Use of non-training solutions

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 Training Roles
O Learning Strategist
o Determines how learning can be used to
align with business strategy

O Business Partner
o Uses business knowledge and industry
expertise to create training that improves
performance

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 Training Roles
O Project Manager
o Plans and monitors delivery of learning
and performance solutions to support
the business

O Professional Specialist
o Designs, develops, delivers, and
evaluates learning and performance
systems
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