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Lesson 2: Philosophical Methods and Evaluating Opinions: Introduction To The Philosophy of The Human Person 1

This document discusses different philosophical methods for evaluating opinions and arriving at truth: 1. The Socratic method involves questioning and answering between two interlocutors to gradually eliminate questionable ideas and arrive at truth. 2. Descartes' methodic doubt requires doubting the senses and avoiding precipitation to achieve certainty. Truth is related to certainty, so doubt is used to disprove beliefs through rational insight. 3. When evaluating opinions, the authority, source, relevance, context, potential biases, assumptions, and evidence must be considered to determine the strength of the opinion or argument. Generalizations should be avoided without proper support.

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Jhener Nonesa
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520 views14 pages

Lesson 2: Philosophical Methods and Evaluating Opinions: Introduction To The Philosophy of The Human Person 1

This document discusses different philosophical methods for evaluating opinions and arriving at truth: 1. The Socratic method involves questioning and answering between two interlocutors to gradually eliminate questionable ideas and arrive at truth. 2. Descartes' methodic doubt requires doubting the senses and avoiding precipitation to achieve certainty. Truth is related to certainty, so doubt is used to disprove beliefs through rational insight. 3. When evaluating opinions, the authority, source, relevance, context, potential biases, assumptions, and evidence must be considered to determine the strength of the opinion or argument. Generalizations should be avoided without proper support.

Uploaded by

Jhener Nonesa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit Two: Methods of Philosophizing

Lesson 2:
Philosophical Methods
and Evaluating Opinions
Introduction to the Philosophy
of the Human Person 1
Philosophical
Methods and
Evaluating
Opinions
HOW DO YOU THINK?
1.
Philosophical
Methods
4

1 ○ This is where in two


Socratic
. interlocutors took turns in
questioning and answering.
Metho
d ○ Truth is arrived at by means of
this dialectical method of asking
and responding, gradually
eliminating the questionable.
5

2. ○ According to Rene Descartes, the first


rule is to accept nothing as true which I
Methodic do not clearly recognize to be so; that is
Doub to say, carefully to avoid precipitation
and prejudice in my judgments, and to
t accept in them nothing more than what
was presented to my mind so clearly and
distinctly that I could have no occasion
to doubt it.
6
○ To achieve the truth, we must doubt our
senses since our senses are fallible and
2. unreliable, that is, we must avoid our
Methodic perceptual illusion. The objective of
Descartes is certainty, and this can be
Doub possible through the method of doubt.
The opposite of truth is uncertainty. That
t is why truth is related with certainty.
This is what we mean by the skepticism
of Descartes.
○ The Methodic doubt is derived from the
idea of doubting a belief. It is not a
feeling but rather it is a rational insight.
Below is an example of using doubt in disproving the Existence of God
THE EXISTENCE OF GOD 7
Source: The Big Questions
THEIST’S PROOF ATHEIST’S REPLY
Not all statements in the Bible
Stated in the Bible
are true
Mere hallucination, doesn’t
Experiences God in a vision
prove anything
Geophysical quirk, not a
Miracle of the Red Sea
miracle
Product of natural selection
Delicate order of nature
and chance occurrences
It just happened; otherwise,
The existence of the world we wouldn’t be here to
discuss it
The victory of the good over evil (in Superiority of Allied forces
World War II, for instance) and a few lucky turning points
2.
Evaluating
Opinions
9

1 Questions to consider to evaluate the


authority and source of the
.
Authority statement/s.
and o Who is the information's

Sourc source?
o What are his/her credentials,
e background, and reputation?
o Is she an expert on the
subject?
o What is the source of the
assertion?
o Is the source trustworthy?
10
Questions to consider to evaluate the
2. relevance and reliability of the
statement/s.
Relevance o How trustworthy is the person making
and the claim?
o How long has he or she spent studying
Reliability the issue?
o How extensive is his/her knowledge of
the subject?
o Is there any unsupported generalization
in the claim?
o Is the information supplied actually
relevant to the conclusion?
11

3. Questions to consider to evaluate the


context and purpose of the statement/s.
Contex
o What is the author's or source's
t and
main
Purpose and secondary objective?
o What are the target readers or
audiences?
o Is the message meant to convince
or persuade, or is it simply
propaganda?
o What is the context in which the
opinion is expressed?
12
Questions to consider to evaluate
the
4. preconception and bias of the
Preconception o Is the person taking a position biased
source.
in
and Bias favor of or against the issue?
o Is she biased, preferential, or
prejudiced in favor of or against a
particular issue?
o Is the language used provocative
or emotional?
o Are proofs provided, or is the
foundation merely a
13
Questions to consider to evaluate the hasty
5. generalization and assumption of the
Hasty source.
generalization o Is there an effort made by the source
to prove or support the opinion?
and o Is it possible to obtain genuine
Assumptio documents?
n o Is the information a single point of view or
a collection of numerous relevant points
of view?
o Is there enough evidence to support
the conclusion?
o Are all of the significant variables taken
into account?

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