ROAD

AGGREGATES AND ITS SOURCES

PRESENTATED BY

ANUSHA KUMARI.A
DEVARSHI PRATAP SINGH
SABYASACHI BISWAS
M.Tech 1st year ,2010
INTRODUCTION
At 3.3 million km of aggregate road length, India has the
second largest road network in the world, next to USA.
 In spite of having the biggest railway network, road
transport has remained a preferred choice in our country,
because of its -
 flexibility,

 accessibility to remote areas and

 adaptability to changes for achieving the desired objective of
connectivity.
The overall development of any country depends on a good
and well connected road network
NATIONAL HIGHWAYS IN INDIA
 The National Highways, the majority 2 lane (one in each direction),
constitute a total of about 65,000 km (40,000 mi), out of which
5,840 km (3,630 mi)is to be converted into "Swarna Chathuspatha" or
Golden Quadrilateral project.

 Out of which 4,885 km (3,035 mi) are median-separated express

highways.
 In some more developed areas it may broaden to 4 lanes.
 Closer to big cities, highways can even be of 8 lanes.

 Highways in India are around 2% of the total road network in India,

but carries nearly 40% of the total road traffic.
AGGREGATES AS A ROAD PAVEMENT MATERIALS

 Aggregate is a collective term for the mineral

materials such as sand, gravel, and crushed stone that
are used with a binding medium (such as water,
bitumen, Portland cement, lime, etc.) to form compound
materials (such as bituminous concrete and Portland
cement concrete)
AGGREGATES AS A ROAD PAVEMENT MATERIALS

 By volume, aggregate generally accounts for 92

to 96 percent of Bituminous concrete and about
70 to 80 percent of Portland cement concrete.

 Aggregate is also used for base and sub-base

courses for both flexible and rigid pavements.

Reference
Prof. Tom V. Mathew 2009-08-03
No.RW/NH-33044/30/2009-S&R(R )
SOURCE OF AGGREGATES
Aggregates can either be natural or manufactured.

Natural aggregates:
 Natural aggregates are generally extracted from larger
rock formations through an open excavation (quarry).
 Extracted rock is typically reduced to usable sizes by
mechanical crushing.

Manufactured aggregate:
 Manufactured aggregate is often a by product of other
manufacturing industries.
 CLASSIFICATION OF ROCK AGGREGATES

• Natural Rock

Igneousrocks
Sedimentary rocks

Metamorphic rocks
IGNEOUS ROCKS

Igneous rocks (Granites). Igneous rocks are

formed by the crystallization of a magma. The
difference between granites and basalts is in silica
content and their rates of cooling. A basalt is
about 53% SiO2, whereas granite is 73%.
 IGNEOUS ROCKS

Texture of igneous rock

CLASSIFICATION IGNEOUS ROCKS

Intrusive, slowly cooled inside the crust. (Plutonic rock = formed

in the earth). Large crystals.
 Granite. (Continental crust) Density 2.7-2.8. High silica content (acidic). Color from
flesh to black..
 Granodiorite. An intermediate form between granite and diorite.
 Diorite. High silica content (acidic)
 Gabbro. Medium silica content. (intermediate)
CLASSIFICATION IGNEOUS ROCKS
Extrusive. cooled rapidly at the surface. Small crystals.
 Rhyolite. Medium silica content (intermediate). A fine-grained volcanic rock
of granitic composition.
 Dacite.
 Andesite. (Volcanic arcs) Density >2.8. Low silica content (basic). Dark,
dense.
 Basalt. (Ocean crust) Density 2.9. Low silica content. (basic). Dark, dense
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Clastic sedimentary rocks consist of rock and

mineral grains derived from the chemical and
mechanical breakdown (weathering) of
preexisting rock. They contain rock fragments
and more commonly, particles of quartz and
feldspar. Clastic rocks are further classified on 
the basis of grain size.
CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 Clastic sedimentary rocks
 Conglomerates (> 2mm) consolidated gravel
 Boulder (>256mm)
 Cobble (65-256 mm)

 Pebble (4-64 mm)

 Granule (2-4 mm)

 Sandstones (0.062-2 mm) consolidated sand

 Very coarse (1.0 - 2.0 mm)
 Coarse (0.5 - 1 mm)

 Medium (0.25 - 0.5 mm)

 Fine (0.125 - 0.25 mm)

 Very fine (0.0625 - 0.125 mm)

 Shales (<0.0062 mm) consolidated mud, rich in organic matter.

 Silt
(0.0039 - 0.0625 mm)
 Clay (0.0002 - 0.0039 mm)
 Argillite. A sedimentary rock, composed of clay particles which have been hardened and cemented.
 Illite (muscovite). K2Al4(Si6Al2)O20(OH)4. is a sedimentary fine-grained rock, equivalent to ordinari mica
(muscovite).
 Colloid (<0.0002 mm)
CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed either from
minerals that precipitate directly from aqueous (water)
solutions or from the accumulation of fossilised remains
of organisms which become limestone.
 Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O)
 Anhydrite (CaSO4)
 Halite (NaCl) salt
 Limestone (CaCO3)
EXAMPLES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

ANASTASIA
CONGLOMERATE

SANDSTONE

RIFRENCRE
HALITE BRECCIA
http://movingtoward.com/dirtrocks.htm
METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Metamorphic rocks have been chemically altered

by heat, pressure and deformation, while buried deep
in the earth's crust. These rocks show changes in
mineral composition or texture or both. This area of
rock classification is highly specialized and complex.

Metamorphic rock may be of sedimentary origin

or stem from igneous rocks.
CLASSIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC
ROCKS

Contact metamorphic.

Regional metamorphic.
 CONTACT METAMORPHISM

The changes was occur

due to temperatures are
highest at this boundary
and decrease with
distance from it.

References
1.^ Blatt, Harvey and Robert J. Tracy, Petrology,
W.H.Freeman,
2nd ed., 1996, p.355 ISBN 0-7167-2438-3
EXAMPLE OF CONTACT METAMORPHISM
EXAMPLE OF CONTACT METAMORPHISM
 REGIONAL METAMORPHISM

Change was occur at great

depths below the Earth's
surface, subjected to high
temperatures and the great
pressure caused by the
immense weight of the rock
layers above.

References
1.^ Blatt, Harvey and Robert J. Tracy, Petrology, W.H.Freeman,
2nd ed., 1996, p.355 ISBN 0-7167-2438-3
 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
 Slates are foliated rocks representing low-grade metamorphic alteration of
shales (laminated clay).
 Argillite is a mudstone, much hardened by pressure.
 Schists are foliated medium-grade metamorphic rock with parallel layers,
vertical to the direction of compaction..
 Gneiss are banded rocks consisting of alternating layers of quartz and
feldspar, of high metamorphic grade.
 Quartzite’s represent metamorphosed sandstone.
 Greywacke is a severely hardened sandstone with mica and feldspar, sometimes
containing fossils.
 Chert is a siliceous rock deposited chemically, often common among greywacke.
 Marble is metamorphosed limestone, just recrystallised.
EXAMPLES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK

Slate Schist GarnetSchis Gness

Quartzite Marble Metaconglomerate Hornfels

ROCK CYCLE
AGGREGATE AVAILABILITY

Large amount of aggregate consume by

road construction, this reached a peak in 1989
was 96 million tones used (29% of total
aggregate), it is also used in maintain the
existing road network.
ESTIMATE OF THE MAJOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION

 “It is estimated that for major road

construction 1.3 tones of aggregate required in
per 1sq.m of road pavement.” - Please &
Bike. (OCDE1997)

 A recent estimation (OCDE) is that 10,000

cubic m of aggregate are needed for each km
of two-lane road construction - OCDE .
AMOUNT OF AGGREGATE IN ROAD THICKNESS
Thickness of Thickness of Thickness of Wt. of
capping layer, mm granular sub-base, capping &granular aggregate/km, tones
mm sub-base , mm

0 150 150 13,000

0 225 225 20,000

350 150 500 43,000

600 150 750 65,000

Source: Information India(OECD)

by S.P.Agrawal & T.P.Agrawal
PRODUCTION OF AGGREGATE
“Production of natural aggregate is 12.5
million tones in 1999-2000, amount is 1/3
of the previous 10 year.”
_ Information India(OECD)
by S.P.Agrawal & T.P.Agrawal
 AGGREGATE SUPPLY CONTRACT WITH INDIAN ROAD
DEVELOPMENT COMPANY
  India Globalization Capital, Inc. (NYSE Amex: IGC), a
materials and infrastructure company in India, announced
to it has signed a rock aggregate supply contract with all
large road development company in India. The contract
is valued at approximately $9,45,000.

 IGC will deliver 1,20,000 MTs (Metric Tons) of rock

aggregate to a large road development company in India.

Delivery is expected to start in the company's third quarter (October -- December)

2010.
Reference
http://www.indiaglobalcap.com/.
 ROAD DEVELOPMENT PLAN VISION 2021
 Expansion of the National Highways
network to a total length of 80,000 km.
 Four/Six laning of 16,000 km of National
Highways in the first decade covering
mostly the NHDP and other essential
segments and another 19,000 km in the
second decade.
 ROAD DEVELOPMENT PLAN VISION 2021

Widening of road for making minimum two lane sub-

standard two lanes to proper two lane standards .
 The proposed targets were 15,000 km in the first decade
and 7,000 km in the second decade.

Upgrading the existing road for making minimum two

lane road.
 The proposed targets were 20,000 km in the first decade
and 24,000 km in the second decade
 Reference
4th 20 year road development plan (2001-2021)
ESTIMATED FORCASTED
AGGRIGATE
 The forecast world demand for construction
aggregates to grow at a rate of 4.7 percent
annually through 2011 to 26.8 billion metric tons.

 The forecast for Construction aggregates demand

in India is expected to rise at a 7.7 percent annual
pace to 1.6 billion metric tons in 2011.
 CONCLUSION

 India is developing country & roads are most

important factor for development so there is huge
amount of aggregate we are using now a days.

 In India different type of aggregate are available.

Now it is time to use it in the proper field.
 REFERENCES
 RN Bhaskar. "Crossing the Chasm". Forbes India.. 
 "Transport - India - Highway Data". World Bank
 The Trouble With India: Crumbling roads, jammed airports, and power blackout
s could hobble growth
from BusinessWeek March 19, 2007
 India Transport Sector". World Bank.
 "Global conference on Indian roads to focus on potential, strengths in sector".
Business Standard.
 High road accident toll a drain on Indian economy. Reuters.
 Corners cut on cost – and safety with the Tata Nano. The Times.
 India's crowded roads: Death in the fast lane. The New York Times.
 "Urban transport crisis in India" (PDF).
http://policy.rutgers.edu/faculty/pucher/FINALarticleTransportPolicy.pdf