Agape Learning Hub – LearnJa Online School

CSEC PHYSICS
 What I Expect From You - the Student

• To talk – yes! – but on the subject point and timely

• To be on time and prepared to learn and create

• To respect yourself and others

• To be focused and do your best! Always give

full hundred!
 What you should
remember?
• You already know most of this stuff, but you
would become better able to communicate what
you know in Physics language or jargon and
understand those who use the same such as
politicians, researchers and businesses
 How this class would run…

• Respect everyone’s opinion

• Don’t be afraid to ask questions
• Read, Read! Read, Read! And Practice that’s how
you learn.
HOOKE’S LAW
 Specification
Describe experiments to investigate how extension varies with applied force for helical
springs, metal wires and rubber bands
understand that the initial linear region of a force-extension graph is associated with
Hooke’s law
describe elastic behaviour as the ability of a material to recover its original shape after
the forces causing deformation have been removed.
 Changing shape
Force can also change the shape
of an object.

A stretching force puts an object

such as a wire or spring under
tension.

A squashing force puts an object

under compression.
Brittle materials such as
glass do not change shape
easily and break before
noticeably stretching.

Resilient materials do not

break easily.
Elastic materials return to
their original shape when
the forces on them are
removed.

Plastic materials retain their

new shape.
 Stretching Springs
Experimental procedure:
1. Place the weight holder only on
the spring and note the position
of the pin against the metre rule. spring
2. Add 1N (100g) to the holder
and note the new position of the
pin. weights
3. Calculate the extension of the
spring.
4. Repeat stages 1 to 3 for 2N, pin
3N, 4N, 5N and 6N. DO NOT
EXCEED 6N. metre rule
 Typical results
Pin position Added weight Pin position Extension
with holder or Force (N) with weight (mm)
only (mm) (mm)

450 1 480 30
450 2 509 59
450 3 541 91
450 4 570 120
450 5 601 151
450 6 629 179
Force against extension graph

Force (N)

0
0 Extension (mm)
 Hooke’s law
Hooke’s law states that the extension of a
spring is proportional to the force used to
stretch the spring.

‘Proportional’ means that if the force is doubled

then the extension also doubles.

The line on a graph of force against extension will

be a straight AND go through the origin.
 Question
A spring of original length 150mm is extended by
30mm by a force of 4N. Calculate the length of
the spring if a force of 12N is applied.
 Question
A spring of original length 150mm is extended by
30mm by a force of 4N. Calculate the length of
the spring if a force of 12N is applied.

12N is three times 4N

Therefore the new extension should be 3 x 30mm
= 90mm
New spring length = 150mm + 90mm
= 240mm
 Elastic limit
Up to a certain extension if the force is
removed the spring will return to its
original length. The spring is behaving
elastically.

If this critical extension is exceeded,

known as the elastic limit, the spring
will be permanently stretched. The right hand
spring has been
Hooke’s law is no longer obeyed by the stretched beyond
spring if its elastic limit is exceeded. its elastic limit
Force against extension graph if
the elastic limit is exceeded

Force (N)

elastic limit

0
0 Extension (mm)
 Stretching an elastic band
Force

An elastic band
does not obey
Hooke’s law.

0
0 Extension
Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:
Hooke’s law states that when a wire or spring is _________ the
increase in length or _________ is proportional to the load
______ applied.
This law is not obeyed if the spring is taken beyond its ______
limit after which it will become _____________ stretched.
A ________ band does not obey Hooke’s law.
A graph illustrating Hooke’s law will have a line that is
___________ and passes through the _______.

WORD SELECTION:
stretched elastic permanently extension
origin force rubber straight
Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:
Hooke’s law states that when a wire or spring is _________
stretched the
increase in length or _________
extension is proportional to the load
______
force applied.

This law is not obeyed if the spring is taken beyond its ______
elastic
limit after which it will become _____________
permanently stretched.
A ________
rubber band does not obey Hooke’s law.
A graph illustrating Hooke’s law will have a line that is
___________
straight and passes through the _______.
origin

WORD SELECTION:
stretched elastic permanently extension
origin force rubber straight
TURNING EFFECT OF
FORCES
 Specification
TURNING EFFECT
know and use the relationship:
moment = force × perpendicular distance from the pivot
know that the weight of a body acts through its centre of gravity
know and use the principle of moments for a simple system of parallel
forces acting in one plane
understand that the upward forces on a light beam, supported at its
ends, vary with the position of a heavy object placed on the beam
 The moment of a force
Also known as the turning effect of a force.

The moment of a force about any point is

defined as:

moment = force x perpendicular distance

from the pivot
Force F exerting an
moment = F x d ANTICLOCKWISE
moment through the
Unit: newton-metre (Nm) spanner on the nut

Moments can be either CLOCKWISE or

ANTICLOCKWISE
 Question
Calculate the moment exerted with the
claw hammer if the person exerts a
force of 80N and distance d equals
25cm.

moment = F x d
= 80N x 25cm
= 80N x 0.25m
= 20 Nm CLOCKWISE
 Answers
Complete:
Force (N) Distance Moment (Nm)
40 3m
200 1000
4m 200
3000 20 cm
 Answers
Complete:
Force (N) Distance Moment (Nm)
40 3m 120
120
200 5
5mm 1000
50
50 4m 200
3000 20 cm 600
600
 Question
Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:
The ‘moment of a force’ is another name for the ‘________
effect of force’.
The moment of a force is equal to the ________ multiplied by
the perpendicular _________ between the line of ________ of
the force and the turning point.
Turning effect is measured in _________ metres.
__________ can be either clockwise or anticlockwise.

WORD SELECTION:
moments force distance newton turning action
 Question
Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:
The ‘moment of a force’ is another name for the ‘________
turning
effect of force’.
The moment of a force is equal to the ________
force multiplied by
the perpendicular _________
distance between the line of ________
action of
the force and the turning point.
Turning effect is measured in _________
newton metres.
__________
moments can be either clockwise or anticlockwise.

WORD SELECTION:
moments force distance newton turning action
 Centre of gravity
The centre of gravity of a body is that point at which
the weight of the body acts.

The centre of gravity of

a symmetrical body is
along the axis of
symmetry.

Centre of gravity is
also sometimes called
centre of mass.
centres of gravity of regular shapes
If suspended, a body will come to rest with its centre
of gravity directly below the point of suspension.

Centre
of
gravity
Finding the centre of gravity of a card
Pierce the card in at least two
places.
Suspend the card from one of these
holes.
Hang a plumbline from the point of
Centre of
gravity
suspension.
Using the plumbline as a reference
draw a vertical line on the card.
Repeat for the other hole(s).
The centre of gravity is where the
lines cross on the card.
 Stability
Centre of Centre of Centre of
gravity gravity gravity

stable balanced unstable - toppling

A body is stable as long as its centre of gravity

remains vertically above its base.
If this is not the case, the body will topple.
 Question
What factors make a modern racing car as stable
as possible?

1. A wide wheel base.

2. A low centre of gravity.
 The principle of moments
When an object is not turning (e.g. balanced):
The total clockwise moment equals the total
anticlockwise moment

If the ruler above is balanced:

clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment
W2 x d2 = W1 x d1
 Question 1

On a see-saw Mary, weight 600N balances John, weight

200N when she sits 1.5m away from the pivot. How far from
the pivot is John?
 Question 1

On a see-saw Mary, weight 600N balances John, weight

200N when she sits 1.5m away from the pivot. How far from
the pivot is John?
Applying the principle of moments:
Mary’s weight x distance = John’s weight x distance
600N x 1.5m = 200N x distance
900 = 200 x distance
900 ÷ 200 = distance
John is 4.5m from the pivot
 Question 2

Calculate the weight

of the beam, W0 if it is
balanced when:
W1 = 6N;
d1 = 12 cm;
d0 = 36 cm.
 Question 2

Calculate the weight Applying the principle of moments:

of the beam, W0 if it is W1 x d1 = W0 x d0
balanced when:
W1 = 6N; 6N x 12 cm = W0 x 36 cm
d1 = 12 cm;
W0 = 72 / 36
d0 = 36 cm.
W0 the weight of the beam = 2N
Complete for a balanced ruler:
W1 d1 W2 d2
5N 20 cm 10 N
4N 15 cm 10 cm
6N 2N 36 cm
25 cm 2N 100 cm
Complete for a balanced ruler:
W1 d1 W2 d2
5N 20 cm 10 N 10 cm
4N 15 cm 6N 10 cm
6N 12 cm
12 cm 2N 36 cm
88 N
N 25 cm 2N 100 cm
 Forces on a beam or bridge

Column A Column B

When the lorry is at

the centre of the lorry weight = 24 000N
bridge its weight will
be supported equally
by the two columns A
and B. 12 000N 12 000N
 Column A Column B

When the lorry was lorry weight = 24 000N

over columns A all of
its weight would have
been supported by
this column
24 000N
 Column A Column B

When the lorry is ¾ the

way across the bridge lorry weight = 24 000N
column B will bear ¾ of
its weight. Column A
bears the remaining ¼.
6 000N
18 000N
What are the column forces when the lorry is one third the
way across the bridge?

Column A Column B

lorry weight = 24 000N

8 000N
16 000N
 Question
Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:
The turning effect of a ________ is also called the ________ of
a force. Moment is measured in _________ metres.
If a body is balanced the total clockwise moment is _______ to
the total ____________ moment.
A body will be _______ if its centre of gravity lies vertically
above the _______ of the body. A tractor has a large wheel base
to reduce the possibility of it __________.

WORD SELECTION:

toppling anticlockwise newton moment

equal stable force base
 Question
Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:
The turning effect of a ________
force is also called the ________
moment of
a force. Moment is measured in _________
newton metres.

If a body is balanced the total clockwise moment is _______

equal to
the total ____________
anticlockwise moment.

A body will be _______

stable if its centre of gravity lies vertically
above the _______
base of the body. A tractor has a large wheel base
to reduce the possibility of it __________.
toppling

WORD SELECTION:

toppling anticlockwise newton moment

equal stable force base