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First-Order Logic - w9

The document provides an overview of first order logic including: - Universal and existential quantification symbols - Examples of translating sentences to first order logic - Inference rules for first order logic including universal elimination, existential elimination, and existential introduction - The process of unification to combine terms and find substitutions - Examples of proofs in first order logic - The sound generalized modus ponens rule of inference - Converting sentences to Horn form for efficient inference

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Mudathir Ayomide
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49 views35 pages

First-Order Logic - w9

The document provides an overview of first order logic including: - Universal and existential quantification symbols - Examples of translating sentences to first order logic - Inference rules for first order logic including universal elimination, existential elimination, and existential introduction - The process of unification to combine terms and find substitutions - Examples of proofs in first order logic - The sound generalized modus ponens rule of inference - Converting sentences to Horn form for efficient inference

Uploaded by

Mudathir Ayomide
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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First Order Logic

Universal quantification (for all): 


 <variables> <sentence>

• “Every one in the cs561 class is smart”:


 x In(cs561, x)  Smart(x)

  P corresponds to the conjunction of instantiations


of P
In(cs561, Manos)  Smart(Manos) 
In(cs561, Dan)  Smart(Dan) 
…
In(cs561, Clinton)  Smart(Clinton)
Existential quantification (there exists): 

  is a natural connective to use with 

• Common mistake: to use  in conjunction with 

e.g:  x In(cs561, x)  Smart(x)


is true if there is anyone that is not in cs561!
(remember, false  true is valid).
Properties of quantifiers

Not all by one


person but
each one at
least by one

Proof?
Example sentences
• Brothers are siblings

• Sibling is transitive

• One’s mother is one’s sibling’s mother

• A first cousin is a child of a parent’s sibling

.
Example sentences
• Brothers are siblings

 x, y Brother(x, y)  Sibling(x, y)

• Sibling is transitive

 x, y, z Sibling(x, y)  Sibling(y, z)  Sibling(x, z)

• One’s mother is one’s sibling’s mother

 m, c, d Mother(m, c)  Sibling(c, d)  Mother(m, d)

• A first cousin is a child of a parent’s sibling

 c, d FirstCousin(c, d)   p, ps Parent(p, d)  Sibling(p, ps)  Parent(ps, c)


Translating English to FOL
• Every gardener likes the sun.
 x gardener(x) => likes(x,Sun)

• You can fool some of the people all of the time.


 x  t (person(x) ^ time(t)) => can-fool(x,t)
Translating English to FOL
• You can fool all of the people some of the time.
 x  t (person(x) ^ time(t) =>
can-fool(x,t)

• All purple mushrooms are poisonous.


 x (mushroom(x) ^ purple(x)) =>
poisonous(x)
Translating English to FOL…

• No purple mushroom is poisonous.

¬( x) purple(x) ^ mushroom(x) ^ poisonous(x)

or, equivalently,

( x) (mushroom(x) ^ purple(x)) =>


¬poisonous(x)
Examples
• A sibling is another child of one’s parent
 x,y Sibling(x, y)  ¬(x=y)  p Parent(p, x)  Parent(p, y)

• A set is a subset of another iff all of the first set’s members re members of the
second set

 s1,s2 Subset(s1, s2)  (x Member (x, s1) =>Member (x,s2 )

• Two sets are equal iff each is a subset of the other

 s1,s2 (s1= s2)  (Subset (s1, s2)  Subset (s2,s1 )


Translating English to FOL…

• All purple mushrooms are poisonous.


 x (mushroom(x) ^ purple(x)) => poisonous(x)

• There are exactly two purple mushrooms.

( x)( y) mushroom(x) ^ purple(x) ^ mushroom(y)


^ purple(y) ^ ¬(x=y) ^ ( z) (mushroom(z) ^
purple(z)) => ((x=z) v (y=z))

• Deb is not tall.

¬tall(Deb)
Translating English to FOL…

• X is above Y if X is on directly on top of Y or else


there is a pile of one or more other objects directly
on top of one another starting with X and ending
with Y.

( x)( y) above(x,y) <=> (on(x,y) v


( z) (on(x,z) ^ above(z,y)))
Equality

Spot has at least two sisters

x,y Sister(Spot,x) ^ Sister(Spot,y) ^ ¬ (x=y)


Wumpus world example
Wumpus world, FOL Knowledge
Base
Deducing hidden properties
Remember:
propositional
logic
• Ground term: A term that does not contain a
variable.
– A constant symbol
– A function applies to some ground term

• {x/a}: substitution/binding list


Proofs
Proofs
The three new inference rules for FOL (compared to propositional logic) are:

• Universal Elimination (UE):


for any sentence , variable x and ground term ,
x  e.g., from x Likes(x, Candy) and {x/Joe}
{x/} we can infer Likes(Joe, Candy)

• Existential Elimination (EE):


for any sentence , variable x and constant symbol k not in KB,
x  e.g., from x Kill(x, Victim) we can infer
{x/k} Kill(Murderer, Victim), if Murderer new symbol

• Existential Introduction (EI):


for any sentence , variable x not in  and ground term g in ,
 e.g., from Likes(Joe, Candy) we can infer
x {g/x} x Likes(x, Candy)
Example Proof
Example Proof
Example Proof
Example Proof

4&5
Search with primitive example
rules
Unification

Goal of unification: finding σ


Unification

{y/John, x/OJ}
More Unification Examples

VARIABLE term

1 – unify(P(a,X), P(a,b)) σ = {X/b}


2 – unify(P(a,X), P(Y,b)) σ = {Y/a, X/b}
3 – unify(P(a,X), P(Y,f(a)) σ = {Y/a, X/f(a)}
4 – unify(P(a,X), P(X,b)) σ = failure

Note: If P(a,X) and P(X,b) are independent, then we


can replace X with Y and get the unification to
work.
Generalized Modus Ponens
(GMP)
Soundness of GMP
Properties of GMP
• Why is GMP and efficient inference rule?

- It takes bigger steps, combining several small inferences into one

- It takes sensible steps: uses eliminations that are guaranteed


to help (rather than random UEs)

- It uses a precompilation step which converts the KB to canonical


form (Horn sentences)

Remember: sentence in Horn from is a conjunction of Horn clauses


(clauses with at most one positive literal), e.g.,
(A  B)  (B  C  D), that is (B  A)  ((C  D)  B)
Horn form
• We convert sentences to Horn form as they are entered
into the KB
• Using Existential Elimination and And Elimination

• e.g., x Owns(Nono, x)  Missile(x) becomes

Owns(Nono, M)
Missile(M)

(with M a new symbol that was not already in the KB)

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