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MOS Operational Amplifiers: Stability and Frequency Compensation: General Considerations, Multipole

The document discusses operational amplifiers, including: 1. Stability and frequency compensation techniques for op-amps, such as phase margin compensation and multipole systems. 2. Op-amp design considerations like performance parameters, design of one-stage and two-stage op-amps, gain boosting, and common-mode feedback. 3. Additional op-amp topics such as input range limitations, slew rate, power supply rejection, and noise.

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GIRISH GIDAYE
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171 views58 pages

MOS Operational Amplifiers: Stability and Frequency Compensation: General Considerations, Multipole

The document discusses operational amplifiers, including: 1. Stability and frequency compensation techniques for op-amps, such as phase margin compensation and multipole systems. 2. Op-amp design considerations like performance parameters, design of one-stage and two-stage op-amps, gain boosting, and common-mode feedback. 3. Additional op-amp topics such as input range limitations, slew rate, power supply rejection, and noise.

Uploaded by

GIRISH GIDAYE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module : 3

MOS Operational Amplifiers:


Stability and Frequency Compensation: General Considerations, Multipole
systems, Phase margin, Frequency compensation, compensation of two stage op-
amps
Op-amp Design: General Considerations, performance parameters, One-stage op-
amps, Two-stage op-amps, Gain Boosting, Common-mode feedback, Input range
limitations(ICMR), Slew Rate, Power supply rejection, Noise in op-amps. Design of
single ended and double ended two stage Op-amps
Figure: (a) Basic negative-feedback system, and (b) phase shift around the loop at ω1.

2
3
Figure: Bode plots of loop transmission for (a) unstable and (b) stable systems.
4
5
Figure: Time-domain response of a system versus the position of poles:
(a) unstable with growing amplitude; (b) unstable with constant-amplitude oscillation; 6
(c) stable.
Figure: Bode plots of loop transmission for a one-pole system.
7
Multipole Systems

Figure: Bode plots of loop transmission for a two-pole system. 8


Figure: (a) Bode plots of loop transmission for a three-pole system and
(b) closed-loop response. 9
10
Figure: Closed-loop frequency and time response for (a) small and (b) large margin
between gain and phase crossover points. 11
Figure: Frequency compensation by (a) moving PX out and (b) pushing GX in.
12
13
Figure: Two-stage op amp.
14

Figure: Bode plots of loop gain of two-stage op amp.


Figure: Miller compensation of a two-stage op amp.

15
Operational Amplifiers

16

Figure: Cascode op amp.


17
Figure 9.3 Simple common-source stage.
18
Small-Signal Bandwidth

19
20
Operational Amplifiers

21

Figure: Cascode op amp.


One-Stage Op Amps

Figure: Simple op amp topologies. 22


23
Figure 9.8 Cascode op amps.
24
Figure: Telescopic cascode op amp with input and output shorted.
25
Folded-Cascode Op Amps

Figure: Folded-cascode amplifiers. 30


Figure: (a) Telescopic and (b) folded-cascode op amp topologies.

31
32
Figure: Folded-cascode op amp with cascode PMOS loads.
Figure: (a) Half circuit of folded cascode op amp, (b) equivalent circuit for Gm
calculation, and (c) equivalent circuit for Rout calculation.
33
Two-Stage Op Amps

Figure: Two-stage op amp.

34
Figure 9.23 Simple implementation of a two-
stage op amp. 35
36
Gain Boosting

Figure: Arrangements for calculation of (a) transconductance, and (b) output


resistance. 37
Common-Mode Feedback

Figure: (a) Simple differential pair; (b) circuit with inputs shorted to outputs. 38
Input Range Limitations

Figure: Unity-gain buffer.

39
Figure: Extension of input CM range. 40
Figure: Variation of equivalent transconductance with the input
CM level.
41
Slew Rate
What is Slew Rate?

• It is the maximum rate of


o/p voltage change per
unit time
• The slew rate should be as
high as possible to ensure
the maximum undistorted
o/p voltage swing
42
Figure: Response of a linear circuit to an input step.

43
Figure: Response of linear op amp to step response.

44
Assuming R1 + R2 >> Rout, we have

45
Figure: Slewing in an op amp circuit.

46
Figure: Small-signal operation of a simple op amp.
47
48
Power Supply Rejection

Figure: Supply rejection of differential


pair with active current mirror. 49
Noise in Op Amps

Figure 9.84 Noise in a


telescopic op amp.

50
51
52

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