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Ee2302 - Electrical Machines Ii: Mrs.A.Rajalakshmi Senior Lecturer / EEE Rajalakshmi Engineering College

The document discusses the construction and working of synchronous generators. It describes the two main types of alternator construction - stationary armature with rotating field and vice versa. It discusses the EMF equation and factors affecting it. It also summarizes different methods to predetermine the voltage regulation of alternators like synchronous impedance, MMF, zero power factor and ASA methods. The concepts of synchronization, synchronizing power and torque are also introduced. Finally, the two axis theory of representation is described.

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67 views22 pages

Ee2302 - Electrical Machines Ii: Mrs.A.Rajalakshmi Senior Lecturer / EEE Rajalakshmi Engineering College

The document discusses the construction and working of synchronous generators. It describes the two main types of alternator construction - stationary armature with rotating field and vice versa. It discusses the EMF equation and factors affecting it. It also summarizes different methods to predetermine the voltage regulation of alternators like synchronous impedance, MMF, zero power factor and ASA methods. The concepts of synchronization, synchronizing power and torque are also introduced. Finally, the two axis theory of representation is described.

Uploaded by

Raja Lingam
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE2302 – ELECTRICAL

MACHINES II

Mrs.A.Rajalakshmi
Senior lecturer / EEE
Rajalakshmi Engineering College
UNIT I

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
Constructional Details
Two types of Alternators

(a) Stationary armature - rotating field

(b) Stationary field – rotating armature


Constructional Details
Advantages of stationary armature - rotating field:
i) The HV ac winding and its insulation not subjected to
centrifugal forces.
ii) Easier to collect large currents from a stationary
member.
iii) The LV dc excitation easily supplied through slip rings
and brushes to the rotor field winding.
Stationary Armature - Rotating
Field
Stator:
Laminated core with slots to hold the armature
conductors.
Rotor:
i) Salient pole type –
Projecting poles dove tailed on the shaft - Used
in low speed alternators driven by water turbines
or IC engines
Stationary Armature - Rotating
Field
ii) Non Salient pole type
Smooth cylindrical rotor - slots cut to house
the field winding - used in high speed
alternators driven by steam turbines - smaller
diameter and larger axial length compared to
salient pole type machines, of the same
rating.
EMF Equation
E ph  4.44 K c K d f T ph
Where,
Kc = cos (α/2),
Kd = {sin (mβ/2)} / {m sin (β/2)}
f = PNs/120, Hz;
Φ = flux per pole, Wb
Tph = Turns in series per phase
= (No. of slots * No. of cond. per slot) / (2 x 3)
EMF Equation
Short pitching and distribution of the winding:
• time harmonics of induced voltage reduced
• the waveform made more sinusoidal.
• Short pitching also reduces the length of the coil
end connections
Armature Reaction
• Effect of the armature flux on the main flux.
• Three phase current in a three - phase winding
- a rotating magnetic field produced (MMF = 1.5
Im Tph).
• UPF - cross magnetizing.
• Lag PF - demagnetizing.
• Lead PF - magnetizing.
Armature Leakage Reactance(XL)
• Three major components -Slot leakage
reactance, end winding leakage reactance
and tooth tip leakage reactance.
• Synchronous reactance/phase
Xs = XL + Xar, where Xar is the fictitious
armature reaction reactance.
• Synchronous impedance/phase
Zs = (Ra + jXs ).
Voltage Regulation of
Alternators

E ph  V ph  I a Z s

 V ph cos   I a Ra   V ph sin   I a X s 
2 2
E ph

E ph  V ph
100
V ph
Methods Of Predetermination Of
Regulation
• Synchronous impedance method (EMF
method)
• Magneto Motive Force method (MMF
method)
• Zero Power Factor method (ZPF method)
• American Standards Association method
(ASA method)
Synchronous Impedance Method
(EMF Method)
• OC and SC tests conducted.
• Zs is calculated.
• Ra measured and Xs obtained.
• For a given armature current and power
factor, Eph determined - regulation is
calculated.
Magneto Motive Force Method
(MMF Method)
• OC & SC tests conducted.

• field currents If1 (field current required to


produce a voltage of(Vph + IaphRacos Φ) on OC)
and If2 (field current required to produce the
given armature current on SC) are added at an
angle of (90± Φ).

• For this total field current, Eph found from OCC


and regulation calculated.
Zero Power Factor Method (ZPF
Method)
OC test and ZPF test is conducted –
characteristics are drawn . This is Potier triangle
method

From this triangle the potier reactance (leakage


reactance of the alternator), XLph is obtained.

•The terminal voltage and the leakage reactance


drop added vectorially - load induced EMF found.
Zero Power Factor Method
(ZPF Method)
• For this load induced emf, the corresponding
field current If1 obtained from OCC.

• The field current If2 required to balance armature


reaction obtained from potier triangle.

• If1 and If2 are added at an angle of (90± Φ). For


this total field current, Eph found from OCC -
regulation calculated.
American Standards Association
Method (ASA Method)
• The field currents If1 (field current required
to produce the rated voltage of Vph from the
air gap line).
• If2 (field current required to produce the
given armature current on short circuit)
added at an angle of (90± Φ).
American Standards Association
Method (ASA Method)
Load induced EMF calculated as was
done in the ZPF method - Corresponding
to this EMF, the additional field current (If3)
due to saturation obtained from OCC and
air gap line - If3 added to the resultant of
If1 and If2 -For this total field current, Eph
found from OCC and regulation calculated.
Synchronizing And Parallel
Operation Of Alternators
• Necessary conditions for synchronization :
The terminal voltage, frequency and phase
sequence of the incoming machine should
be same as those of the bus bars.

• Synchronization can be carried out using


either i) Dark lamp method ii) Bright lamp
method or iii) Synchroscope.
Synchronizing Power and
Torque
• Power developed by an alternator

E
P   E cos  V cos(   )
i
Z s

Where
θ is the internal angle of the machine and
δ is the power angle.
Synchronizing power
On no load .
Synchronizing torque = PSY / ( 2πNs/60).
Two Axis Theory
In a salient pole machine, the gap permeance is
not uniform. It varies between the maximum at the
pole center and minimum at the interpolar axis -
respectively called direct axis and quadrature axis.
The phasor diagram can be developed using E =
V + IaRa + IdXd + IqXq (All the terms being treated as
phasors.)
Two Axis Theory
Xd , Xq : Direct & Quadrature axis
synchronous reactances in .

Id, Iq : The current components of Ia in the


d & q axis

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