The p-Block Elements

 Found on the right side of the periodic table.

 It has general electronic configuration ns2np1-6
 The last electron enters the outermost p-orbital.
 The elements of this group are metal, non-metal
and metalloids.
 The no. of p-orbitals is 3 and, therefore, the
maximum number of electrons that can be
accommodated in a set of p-orbitals is 6.
Consequently there are six groups of p-block
elements in the periodic table numbering from 13
to 18.
 They include the boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen
and flourine families in addition to the noble
gases.
 The noble gases have full p-orbital's and are
nonreactive.
1st member is different from the remaining members of their corresponding
groups due to:
Small size
Highest ionization energy.
High electro-negativity.
No vacant d orbital.
They show maximum co-valence of 4 because of no vacant d orbital.
First member also has tendency to form p𝝅- p𝝅 multiple bonds to itself (e.g. , C=C, C≡C,
N≡N) and to other second row elements (e.g., C=O, C=N, C≡N, N=O).
The highest oxidation state = the group no. – 10. Moving down the group, the oxidation state two less than the
highest group oxidation state becomes more stable in groups 13 to 16 due to inert pair effect.
Group 13 14 15 16 17 18

General ns2np1 ns2np2 ns2np3 ns2np4 ns2np5 ns2np6

electronic (1s2 for He)
configuration

First member B C N O F He
of the group

Group +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8
oxidation state

Other +1 +2,-4 +3,-3 +4,+2,-2 +5,+3,+1,-1 +6,+4,+2

oxidation
states
 Group 13 Elements- THE BORON FAMILY
The boron family contains:
 Boron(B) Aluminium(Al) Gallium(Ga)

Z=5 ,  [He] Z=13, [Ne] 3s² 3p¹ Z=31, [Ar] 3d104s24p1

2s22p1
 Indium(In) Thallium(Tl) *Nihonium(Nh)

Z=49, [Kr] Z=81, [Xe] 4f145d106s26p1 Z=113, [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s27p1

4d105s25p1
*Nihonium is a synthetic
radioactive element. Only a few
atoms have been produced, so no
one knows what it looks like yet.
Outer electronic configuration: ns2np1
Atomic Radii: The atomic and ionic radii of group 13 elements are smaller
than the corresponding elements of alkali and alkaline earth metals.
Reason: On moving from left to right in a period the effective nuclear charge
increases and the outer electrons are pulled more strongly towards the
nucleus. This results in decrease in atomic size.
On moving down the group, both atomic and ionic radii expected to increase
due to the addition of a new electron shell with each succeeding element.
Exception: Atomic radius of Ga is less than that of Al due to the presence of
poor shielding of 10d-electrons in gallium.
Ionization Enthalpy
First ionisation enthalpies of the elements of group-13 are less than
those of the elements present in group-2 in the same period
because the removal of p-electron is much easier than the s-
electron and therefore, the first ionisation enthalpies (∆ i H1) of the
elements of group 13 are lower as compared to the corresponding
elements of group 2.
Down the group, it decreases from B to Al due to increase in
atomic size but discontinuity is observed between Al and Ga, and
between In and Tl due to poor shielding effect.
Electronegativity

If we compare with group 2, they are more electronegative

due to increased nuclear charge.
Down the group, electronegativity first decreases from B to
Al and then increases marginally.
Reason: Poor shielding effect of d and f electrons.
Physical Properties
(i) Due to strong crystalline lattice boron
has high melting point. Rest of the
members of this family have low melting
point.
(ii) Boron is extremely hard and black
colored solid and non metallic in nature.
(iii) Other members of this family are soft
metals with low melting point and high
electrical conductivity.
(iv) It is worthwhile to note that gallium
with unusually low melting point (303K),
could exist in liquid state during summer.
Its high boiling point (2676K) makes it a
useful material for measuring high
temperatures.
Due to its low melting point, gallium literally melts in
(v)Density of the elements increases
your palm.
down the group from boron to thallium.
Atomic and Physical Properties of Group 13 Elements
 Chemical Properties
Oxidation states:
 The first two elements boron and aluminium show only +3 oxidation state in the
compounds but the other elements of this group gallium, indium and thallium
also exhibit +1 oxidation state in addition to +3 oxidation state i.e., they show
variable oxidation states.
As we move down the group, the stability of +3 oxidation state decreases while
that of +1 oxidation state progressively increases.
 In trivalent state, the number of
electrons around the central atom • AlCl3 achieves stability by forming a
in a molecule of the compounds of dimer
these elements (e.g., boron in BF3)
will be only six. Such electron
deficient molecules have tendency
to accept a pair of electrons to
achieve stable electronic
configuration and thus, behave as
Lewis acids.
 The tendency to behave as Lewis
acid decreases with the increase in
the size down the group.
 BCl3 easily accepts a lone pair of
electrons from ammonia to form
BCl3⋅NH3.
 (i) Reactivity towards air
 Boron does not react with oxygen at ordinary temperature due to small size and high
ionization energy.
 If we react Al with oxygen, it reacts at normal temperature. With time it forms a protective
layer of oxide on its surface. This layer makes it non reactive.
                 Al   +3O2 -->2Al2O3
 They react with nitrogen gas also, to form compound with formula EN.
 General Formula:

 If we see acidic strength of oxides, then it decreases down the group.

 B2O3            Al2O3           GaO                   InO             TlO
Acidic Amphoteric Basic
 (ii) Reactivity towards acids and alkalis
Boron doesn’t react with acids and bases at normal temperature, but
reacts with strong acids.
Aluminum reacts with acid and base because it is amphoteric in
nature.
2Al(s) + 6HCl (aq) → 2Al3+ (aq) + 6Cl– (aq)
2Al (s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 6H2O(l) → 2 Na+ [Al(OH)4] – (aq) + 3H2(g)
Sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate(III)

Concentrated nitric acid renders aluminium passive by forming a

protective oxide layer on the surface.
 (iii) Reactivity towards halogens
These elements react with halogens to form trihalides
(except TlI3).
2E(s) + 3 X2 (g) → 2EX3 (s) (X = F, Cl, Br, I)
 1. ANOMALOUS PROPERTIES OF BOARN
2. SOME IMPORTANT COMPOUN OF BORON
Anomalous properties of Boron

Reason why Boron shows Anomalous Properties

The size of Boron
High Ionization Enthalpy
Absence of D-Orbital
 Anomalous Properties of Boron

Small in size
Boron is extremely hard
Boron is a metalloid while others element of group 13 are metals
Boron show quiet high melting and boiling point as compaire to elem
Boron form only covalent compound while group 13 element shows ionic and covalen
compound
Oxides and hydroxides of boron are acidic in nature where oxides and hydroxide of
other element are amphoteric and basic in nature
SOME IMPORTANT COMPOUND OF BORON
1. Borax
It is a white crystaline solid
Na2 B4 07 . 10H2O
Na2[B405(OH)4].8H2O
When we dissolve Borax it give alkaline solutiion because of
Na2B4O7+7H2O→2NaOH+4H3BO3
Borax is use in Bead Test
Na2B4O7 . 10H2O  Na2B4O7 + 10H2O
Na2B4O7  2NaBO2 + B2O3
2. Ortho Boric Acid
It is white crystalime and soapy touch substane
The ortho boaric acid is not properly soluable in normal water
It is not a protonic acid but is Lewis Acid
Preperation of Ortho Boric Acid
Na2B4 + 2HCl + 5H2O → 2NaCl + 4B(OH)3
B2H6 + 6H2O → 2B(OH)3 + 6H2
3. Diborane (B2H6)
It is gas and simplest diborane is known as Boron Hydride
Diborane is colourless and highly toxic gas
And boiling point is 180K
Diborane catches fire easily in air
Reaction : - B2H6 + 3O2  → B2O3 + 3H2O
Diborane react with amine but product formation is depend upon
conditions
Preperation
4BF3 + 3LiAlH4 → 2B2H6 + 3LiF + 3AlF3
  Uses of Boron and their compound

Properties : Boron is extremely hard solid,which posses high melting

point,low density and very low electrical conductivity.

i. Boron fibres are used for making bullet-proof vests and light
composite material for aircrafts.
ii. It is used for making heat resistant glasses ,glass wool and fibre glass.
iii. The isotope has ability to absorb neutrons and therefore,metal borides
are used in nuclear industry as protective shields and control rods.
  Uses of Aluminium and their compound

Properties : Aluminium has high tensile strength,high electrical and

thermal conductivity.

i. It is used in manufacturing of household utensils, aeroplane parts,

precision and surgical instruments.
ii. As aluminium foil, for packing different objects.
iii. In thermite welding processes.
iv. As building material, refractory bricks and ultra-marine.
 Group 14 Elements : The Carbon Family

 The group 14 element are the second group in the p-block in the
periodic table.
 The member of this group are:
Carbon,Silicon,Germanium,Tin,Lead,Flerovium.
 Carbon is the most versatile element in the world.

 The electronic configuration of group 14 Element

• The group 14 elements have a general electronic configuration of
ns^2np^2.
• These elements have 2 elctrons in outermost p orbital.
• These elements differ in their inner core.
 Covalent Radius : The radii of group 14 element are lesser than that of
group 13 element. Radii become small as the effective nuclear charge
increase.

 Ionisation Enthalpy : The ionisation energy of group 14 element is

greater than that of group 13 element. Down the group, ionisation
enthalpy decrease.The order is as follow: C>Si>Ge>Pb>Sn.

 Electronegativity : These elements are more electronegative than

elements of group 13 because of their smaller size.C is the most
electronegative element of the group.Down the group
electronegativity decreases.
 Physical properties:All the elements of this group are solids.

a. Metallic character:First two members of this group are non-metals(C & Si;the
middle one is semi-metal (Ge)while Sn and Pb are metals.The metallic or
electropositive character increases down the group.The change from non-
metallic character to metallic character is due to less effective nuclear charge
and increase number of available orbitals with increase in size of the atom.
b. Melting & Boiling point: The melting and boiling point of first member i.e.
carbon and exceedingly high. The value decrease as we move from carbon to
lead. The melting point of Sn and Pb are relatively low because M--M bonds are
weaker.They do not use all four electrons for metallic bonding.
  Chemical properties

i. Reactivity with oxygen: Generally MO and MO2 type oxide are

formed.Acidic character decreases down the group.

ii. Reaction with H2O: C,Si,Ge do not react with H2O.Sn(tin) reacts
with stream to produce H2.

iii. Reaction with halogen: MX4 and MX2 type halides are formed.
Thermal stability decreases down tge group.
 Important Trends And Anomalous Behaviour
Of Carbon
Carbon also differ from rest of the members of its group. It is due to its
smaller size , higher electronegativity , higher ionisation enthalpy and
unavailability of d orbitals.
In carbon, only s and p orbitals are available for bonding and
therefore, it can accommodate only four pairs of electrons around it.
Carbon also have unique ability to form pπ - pπ multiple bonds with
itself and with each other atoms of small size and high
electronegativity.
 CATENATION
Carbon atoms have the tendency to link with one another
through covalent bonds to form chains and rings. This
property is called catenation
 ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
Diamond and graphite are two well known
crystalline forms of carbon.
 In 1985, third form of carbon known as
fullerenes was discovered by H.W.Kroto,
E.Smalley and R.F.Curl.
 DIAMOND
Diamond is the hardest substance on the earth.
It has a crystalline lattice
Hybridisation : sp^3
Linked to four other carbons atoms by using hybridised
orbitals in tetrahedral fashion.
C-C bond length is 154 pm.
It is a strong, rigid 3 dimensional structures that results in the
infinite network of atoms.
 Uses Of Diamond
• Used in jewellery
• Used as an abrasive for sharpening hard tools
• In making dyes
• In manufacturing of tungsten filament used for electric bulbs
 Graphite
Graphite has layered structure
Layers are held by van der Waals force and distance between two layers is
340 pm.
C-C bond length within the layers is 141.5 pm
Shape – Hexagonal rings
Hybridisation - sp^2
 USES OF GRAPHITE
Used for making pencils.
Used in batteries
Used in graphene sheets
 Fullerence
• Made by heating of graphite an electric arc in the presence of inert
gases such as helium or argon.
• Pure form of carbon because they have smooth structure without
having 'dangling' bonds
• Cage like molecules.
• Hybridisation : sp^2
• Each carbon atoms forms 3 sigma bond with other 3 carbon atoms.
• Contains both sigma and double bonds with C-C distances of 143.5 pm and 138.3 pm.