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Industrial Instrumentation

This document discusses methods for measuring fundamental electrical quantities such as resistance, capacitance, inductance, and frequency. It focuses on resistance measurement using various sensor types that rely on a change in electrical resistance in response to a measured variable. Common resistance sensor types are described along with basic resistance measurement methods like voltage dividers, Wheatstone bridges, and deflection techniques. Requirements for sensor signal conditioners are outlined. An example is provided of designing a voltage divider circuit to measure carbon monoxide concentration using a gas sensor.

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51 views21 pages

Industrial Instrumentation

This document discusses methods for measuring fundamental electrical quantities such as resistance, capacitance, inductance, and frequency. It focuses on resistance measurement using various sensor types that rely on a change in electrical resistance in response to a measured variable. Common resistance sensor types are described along with basic resistance measurement methods like voltage dividers, Wheatstone bridges, and deflection techniques. Requirements for sensor signal conditioners are outlined. An example is provided of designing a voltage divider circuit to measure carbon monoxide concentration using a gas sensor.

Uploaded by

Nhân Phạm Đình
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INDUSTRIAL

INSTRUMENTATION
Lecturer: Nguyen Duc Hoang
Department of Control & Automation
Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
Email: ndhoang@hcmut.edu.vn
Chapter 5: Methods to measure
fundamental quantities
• Measurement of resistance
• Measurement of capacitance
• Measurement of inductance
• Measurement of frequency
Measurement of resistance
• Sensors based on the variation of the electric resistance of a device
are very common:
• POTENTIOMETERS
• STRAIN GAGES
• THERMISTORS, RTD
• MAGNETORESISTORS
• LIGHT-DEPENDENT RESISTORS
• RESISTIVE HYGROMETERS
• RESISTIVE GAS SENSORS
• LIQUID CONDUCTIVITY SENSORS
Measurement of resistance
• The general equation for a sensor whose resistance changes by a
fraction x in response to a measurand is :

Assuming :
• For linear sensors we have:

• The range of values for x depends strongly on the type of sensor and
on the measurand span
Measurement of resistance
• There are two requirements for all conditioners for
resistive sensors:
• they must drive the sensor with an electric voltage or current in
order to obtain an output signal,
• this supply, whose magnitude affects that of the output signal,
is limited by sensor self-heating,
Measurement of resistance
• Some sensors require particular circuits.
• Thermistors require linearization.
• Strain gages require interference cancellation.
• Sensors that yield small outputs require large gains in order for
the dynamic range of the output signal to match the input
range of the ADC .
• Conditioners for remote sensors must be insensitive to
connecting lead resistance or compensate for it.
Measurement of resistance

remote sensors
Measurement of resistance
• Methods for resistance measurement can be
classified into:
• Deflection methods sense the drop in voltage across the
resistance to be measured or the current through it or
both.
• Null methods are based on measurement bridges.
Measurement of resistance
• Deflection method (1)

𝑉𝑟
𝑉 0= 𝑅0 ( 1+ 𝑥 )
𝑅𝑟
Measurement of resistance
• Deflection method (2)

𝑉0
𝑅=𝑅𝑟
𝑉𝑟
Measurement of resistance
• Voltage dividers :
• commonly used to measure high-value resistances.
Measurement of resistance

Example: The MGS1100 CO gas sensor (Motorola) has 1000 kΩ in air,


from 30 k Ω to 300 k Ω (150 k Ω typical) for CO concentration of 60ppm
(R60) , and a ratio R60/R400 = 2,5 (typical). If the allowable voltage across
the sensing resistor and power dissipation in it are 5 V and 1mW, design a
voltage divider for such a sensor if the expected CO concentration range
is from 0 to 400ppm.
Measurement of resistance
• Wheatstone bridge : balance measurements
Measurement of resistance
• Wheatstone bridge: deflection measurements
Problems
• A given Pt100 has R = 100 and  = 6 mW/K when immersed in air and  = 100 mW/K when
immersed in still water. Calculate the maximal current through the sensor to keep the self-heating
error below 0.10C.
A bridge circuit has R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = 120Ohm resistances and a 10.0-V supply. Suppose a 3-1/2
digit DVM on a 200-mV scale will be used for the null detector. Find the resistance resolution for
measurements of R4.
BT5

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