Lesson 2

Carpentry and Masonry

Group 2
Carpentry
What is Carpentry?
Carpentry is the art of cutting, framing and
joining timber or wood. It is generally known
as woodworking.
How about Carpenter?
Carpenter is skilled crafts person who
performs carpentry. They construct, install
and maintain buildings, furniture and other
subjects.
TYPES AND OCCUPATIONS

1. FINISH CARPENTER
-Is one who does finish carpentry that is cabinetry,
furniture making, fine woodworking and model building.
2. TRIM CARPENTER
-specializes in molding and trim, such as door and
window casings, materials, baseboard and other types of
ornamental work. Cabinet installers are also referred to as
trim carpenters.
3. CABINETMAKER
-Is one who does fine and detailed work. Specializes in
making cabinet, wardrobes, dressers, and other furniture designed
for storage.
4. SHIP'S CARPENTER
-specializes in shipbuilding, maintenance and
repair.
5. SCENIC CARPENTER
-in film-making, TV and the theater builds and
dismantles temporary scenery and sets.
6. FRAMER
- is one who builds the skeletal structure or
framework of buildings.
7. FORMWORK CARPENTER
- creates the shuttering and false work used
in concrete construction.
DIMENSIONAL CHANGES OF WOOD

1. Hardwood for home furniture

- should be dried until the water
content less than 6-12%
2. Softwood for home furniture
- should be dried until the water
content less than 20%
PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF WOOD

1. HEAT
- since wood consists of tube shaped
tissues, it has a property of poor heat conduction.
Therefore, it is often used as heat insulator in floor
or wall materials of architectures.
2. SOUND
- since wood has property of amplifying
small sounds, it is used in musical instruments. As
it has also another property of absorbing sounds, it
is used in interior materials of theaters as well as
for acoustics.
MECHANICAL PROPERTY OF WOOD

1. STRENGTH
- the thicker the cell wall is, the higher
the specific gravity the wood would possess.
2. DISTORTION
- when wood is treated with heat by
applying hot steam, substances called lining that
adhere each wood cell get softened create gap
between cells. This makes the wood to be easily
distorted, the distortion is fixed or permanent and
cannot be reversed to the original state. This
property is used in making bent wood products.
PREPARATION OF WOOD
• Logging
• Lumbering
• Sawing
SEASONING OF LUMBER

1. Natural or Air Seasoning

- is considered as one of the best methods
adapted in seasoning lumber although the period involved
is longer than the artificial seasoning method.
2. Artificial Seasoning
- method adopted for quick drying of the
wood.
3. Forced Air Drying
4. Kiln Drying
- used oven to dry lumbers
5. Chemical Seasoning
6. Electrical Seasoning
 Kiln Drying

Chemical Seasoning

Electrical Drying
LUMBER AND RELATED
PRODUCTS
 1. Veneer and Plywood
- are made of 3,5,7 or more
veneer slice that are laid one
upon the other with the grain of
each at right angle to those of
the sheets above or below it.
They are bonded together with
glue or synthetic resins.

2. Soft plywood
- most common for structural use.
3. Hardwood plywood
- used for paneling and
finishing where only one face
is with hardwood finish.

4. Exterior or Marine Plywood

-is made for external use
5. Hardboard or Pressed
Wood or Fiber Wood
- are made from woodchips
which are exploded into fibers
with high pressure steam. The
fibers are applied with adhesive,
processed into a mattress and
undergo a hot press process
and it becomes a fiber board.

6. Particle Boards
- manufactured from
woodchips, curls, fibers, flakes
and strands which are bound
together and pressed into
sheets and other molded
shapes.
7. Laminated wood
- logs are processed by
saw milling and drying,
knots and cracks are
removed, and the
pieces are connected
by finger joints in fiber
direction to create a
wide and long material.
It can be cut in
preferred width or
length according to its
purpose.
DEFECTS OF WOOD

1. Knot
- is a branch or limb of a tree that has been
exposed as the log is cut into lumber.
2. Check
- is a lengthwise separation of the wood like a
small crack or split.
3. Split
- is a lengthwise break or big crack in the
board.
4. Decay
- is the rotting of wood
5. Stain
- is a discoloration of the wood
surface.
6. Wane
- is a lack of wood on the face of the
piece.
7. Warp
- is any variation of a tree or plane
surface. It includes crack, bow, cup, twist or any
combination of these.
Joints
• Joint
means the union of two or more smooth
or even surfaces, admitting two or more
pieces of timber to close a fitting or junction.

• Joinery
is the art of joint making. It may include
fastening and shaping the pieces of wood so
they fit together neatly and securely.
KINDS OF WOOD
JOINTS
1. Butt Joint
- the end of one piece is
fastened to the surface or edge
of the other. It is used to make a
simple box or two fasten two
pieces at right angles.

2. Lap Joint
- is made when two pieces of wood
must cross. You find it on frames,
table legs, and some other kinds of
chairs, this is stronger than butt joint
because both pieces of wood are
notched and fitted together.
 3. Rabbet Joint
- the first piece fits into a
channel cut across the end or
edge of the second piece. It is
found in simple furniture and
in some box construction.

4. Dado Joint
- is good for shelves,
bookcases, book racks, and
other type of cabinets.
 5. Miter Joint
- the corners are cut at an angle
usually 45 degrees. When the two
pieces are joined they will form a
right angle. The joint is secured
with nails, screws, glue, dowels or
L-shaped mending plate.

6. Mortise and Tenon Joint

- is one of the strongest joint. It is
found on better quality chairs,
tables and benches. The mortise
is a hole made partway through
the side of one piece of wood
while the tenon is tongue-shaped
to fit the mortise at the end of
another piece.
7. Dovetail
- is used on the corners of
the best drawers and chairs.
3 WAYS OF LENGTHENING JOINT

1. Lapping
- simply joining one member to another
2. Fishing
- Joining two ends with the use of two
side blocks which is sometimes called splice pads.
3. Scarfing
- is cutting away the opposite sides of
two members then lap-joining to obtain a
continuous piece of uniform thickness.
MEASURING OF WOOD

Lumbers are sold according to their

dimensions where thickness and width are
measured in inches and the length is
measured in feet.
T"xW"xL'
where: T- thickness
W- width
L- length
 Prices of Lumber sold are based on a unit
called BOARD FOOT which means 12 inches
long, 12 inches wide and 1 inch thick
(12"x12"x1")

T"xW"xL'÷12
where: T- thickness in inch
W- width in inch
L- length in feet
12- constant
Example:
Find the total board foot of 5 pieces of
2"x6"x14' lumber.

Solution:

Bd.ft= 5pcs.x2x6x14
____________
12
Bd.ft= 70
WOODWORKING METHODS

1. Planning
Planning
-Careful planning can prevent mistake and
save time, money, materials and effort.
• Drawing and designing a project
• Identify bill of materials
• List the procedures
• List tools and machines needed
2. Cutting
Cutting
- cutting wood to the right size and shape can
be done with variety of hand tools and machines.
3. Assembling
- constructing the parts of the project based
on the planned design.
4. Sanding and Finishing
- sanding removes tool marks and make
wood surface smooth for finishing.
WOOD FINISHING MATERIALS

1. Varnish
- the most used clear finishing materials.
2. Shellac
- this is a quick drying alcohol based resin
derived from a lac bug.
3. Penetrating finish
- this is intended to sink into the wood,
protecting it from most common hazard.
4. Fillers
- are basically pastes which fill in the open
pores of the wood
5. Lacquer
- this material is quick drying, composed of
synthetic resins in synthetic solvents. It intends to change
the color of wood.
6. Bleaches
- used to hold the light color of the wood.
7. Opaque finishes
- are paints, enamel or pigmented lacquers.
8. Stains
- are necessary to give the wood its accepted
color.
 COMMON
CARPENTRY TOOLS
Guiding and testing tools

• Straight edge
-used to guide pencils in
making straight line

• Square
- a 90 degree
standard right angle
tool called try-square
used for marking and
testing work
• Spirit level
- used for both guiding
and testing the work to a
vertical or horizontal
position.

• Plastic Hose with water

- one of the best and
accurate tool for guiding
work in establishing a
horizontal level
 • Sliding T-bevel
- is like a try square with
sliding and adjustable blade
that could be set in any
angle.

• Plumb bob
- is a metal tool used to
check or obtain a vertical
line. The word plumb
means perpendicular to a
horizontal line.
Marking Tools

• Chalk line and reel

- used for marking a very rough
work

• Lead pencil
- with round head, is also
used for marking a rough
work
• Scratch Awl
- used for semi-rough work

• Scriber
- used for making fine work
• Compass
- used to inscribe an arc or
circle
Measuring Tools
• Two Foot four folding
rule
- used in measuring short
distances

• Extension rule
- used for measuring inside
distances such as door,
windows and cabinets
 • Zigzag rule
- is available in 4 feet and 6
feet long commonly used for
rough layout.

• Push pull tape

- used to measure longer distance.
 • Slide Caliper rule
- used to measure outside
diameter of cylindrical
objects.

• Marking gauge
- a tool most appropriate
in making lines parallel
with the edges of the
wood.
Holding Tools

• Horse or Trestle
- used to support the working
operation such as sawing and
chiseling.

• Clamps
used in tightly pressing piece of
wood or metal together in making
mortise, tenon and other joints.
• Vise
a table used to hold a
piece of material rigidly
secured in place to
absorb severe blows.
Toothed cutting tools
• Cross cut saw
used to cut ACROSS the
grain of the wood.

• Rip cut saw

used to cut ALONG the grain of the wood.
• Files
used for abrading,
reducing or smooth
cutting metal, wood or
other materials.
Sharp-edged Cutting Tools

• Chisel
a long-bladed hand tool with
a beveled cutting edge and
plain handle. Used to cut and
shape wood, stone and
metal.
Smooth Facing Tools

• Jack Plane
– remove excessive wood
and flatten sawn timber.

• Fore Plane
– use as a go in between
model
• Smooth Plane
– helps one clean up
timber which has
already been planed
and gives finishing
touch.
Boring Tools

• Brad awl
– a small tool used for
punching or piercing
small holes. It is
generally used in
starting a nail or screw
into hard wood.
• Gimlet
– used for boring holes
by hand pressure.
• Twist Drill
– used for drilling small
holes.

• Spoke pointer
– cuts a conical hole.

• Counter sink
-used for
enlarging a conical hole
at the surface of the
wood.
Fastening Tools

Claw Hammer

Wrenches Screwdrivers
Sharpening Tools
• Grindstone
is a flat disc solid stone usually
made of sandstone mounted on a
shaft used for sharpening, shaping
and polishing metal by turning.

• Oil stone
used after the grinding operation to
achieve a smooth and keen edge
of the tools. Oil is used as a
lubricating medium.
Machine and other equipment

• Circular saw
– is a steel disc
provided with teeth
designed to revolve
on a shaft at high
speed.
• Radial arm saw
– is a power driven
rotary cutting tool.
• Portable electric saw
– is a power driven rotary
cutting tool provided with
toothed circular blade.

• Portable electric drill

– is a motorized rotary
driving tool used as
driving unit for sanding,
polishing and grinding as
well as for circular jigsaw.
• Drill Press
used for driving drill bits, plug
cutters and many auxiliary
attachments.
The Common Part of
Stairs
1. Rise
- the height of a flight of stairs from landing to landing.
The height between successive treads or stairs.
2. Riser
- the vertical face of a stair step.
3. Run
- the horizontal distance from the first to the last riser
of stair flight.
4. Landing
- is that horizontal floor as resting place in a flight.
5. Well
- the place occupied by the flight of stairs.
6. Well hole
- the opening in the floor at the top of the flight of
stairs
7. Stair headroom
- the clear vertical height measured from the nosing
of a stair tread to any overhead construction.
8. Tread
- the horizontal part of a step including the nosing.
9. Step
- stair unit which consist of one tread and one riser.
10. Winders
- steps not parallel with each other.
Masonry
What is Masonry?
- Masonry is the art of building
with stone, bricks, concrete blocks or similar
materials.

Common Materials used in Masonry

1. STONES
TYPES OF MODERN STONE WORKS
1. Ashlars
- consist of carefully worked and joined
stone blocks laid in parallel horizontal
courses. The face of the block may be plain
or tooled finish in any several ways such as:
 Alternate-course-ashlars
- When the construction of block is laid in
alternate thick and thin courses.
 Broken Ashlars or Random Ashlars
-stones of various sizes are used to make
courses that are not continues for the whole
length of the wall
2. Rubble stone
- consist of irregular stones with good
face for the whole surface. The gaps
between stone are filled with small or broken
stone and cement mortar.
3. Course Rubble
- it is made with roughly squared blocks
leveled up to 30-45 cm thick courses.
4. Bricks
- made from clay and other materials
processed into a workable consistency
molded to standard sizes and fired in a kiln
to make them strong, durable and attractive.
5. Concrete Hollow Block
- is the most widely used masonry
materials for all types of constructing walls,
partitions, dividers and fences. It is a
building module resembling large bricks that
are molded from sand and cement.
Brick Laying

- are laid in horizontal layers. It is installed to a line

using string or chord as a guided by a plumb bob line. The
mortar is placed to a thickness of 0.3 to 1.3 cm depending
upon the design. When a brick is laid, it is pressed slightly
down into a generous mortar bed and shoved into final
position to ensure that :
The mortar is force into the spaces between the
bricks
The horizontal and vertical joints are filled with
mortar
The wall is water tight
masonry.mp4
 Bond
- is the term used in referring to the
arrangement of the bricks.
 Stretcher
- when the brick is laid where its longer
side is exposed to view.
 Header
- is a term applied when brick is laid
with its end exposed.
2. Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB)

Concrete Hollow Blocks Sizes No. of Pieces

4"x8"x16" 55 to 60 pieces

6"x8"x16" 30 to 36 pieces

8"x8"x16" 25 to 30 pieces
3. Aggregates
- are inert materials that when bound together into a
conglomerated mass by Portland cement and water from
concrete, mortar or plaster.
 Course aggregate (gravel)
- is a portion of an aggregate that is retained on
number 4 sieve that come from natural gravel
deposits which are formed by water, wind or glacial
actions and manufactured by crashing rock, stones
and large cobble.
 Fine aggregate (sand)
- is generally the product of disintergration of silica-
bearing or calcium bearing rock. Fine aggregates are
those that passes through number
sieve. It is also manufactured from large pieces of
aggregate by crushing, grinding or rolling.
4. Admixture
- is a material other than water, aggregates and
cement that is used as an ingredient in concrete and is added
to the batch immediately before or during its mixing.
5. Cement
- is the bonding agent of rock materials which act as
filler.
a) Hydraulic Cement
- is a bonding agent that reacts with water to form a
hard stone-like substance that is resistant to
disintegration in water.
b) Portland Cement
- is the most widely used in various small and large
construction including roads and highways. Portland
cement is not a brand but a type of hydraulic cement.
Types of Portland Cement
 Type I
-used for general construction where the special
properties are specified.
 Type II
- used in general construction exposed to
moderate sulfate action or where moderate heat of
hydration is required.
 Type III
- used where high early strength is required.
 Type IV
- specified when high sulfate resistance is
required.
c) Pozzolan cement
- it is amorphous silica that hardens as
a silica gel by reacting chemically with alkali
in the presence of water.
6. Steel
- is used as reinforcement material for
almost all types of concrete construction.

Types of Steel Reinforcement

• Square or Round bars
• Deformed bars
7. Forms
- refers to the structure that holds the poured concrete
until it hardens to form the concrete beam post as desired.
8. Scaffolding
- is a temporary structure of wooden poles and planks
providing platforms for workers to stand on while doing
construction work.
9. Batter Board
- are the horizontal boards placed at the corner and at
the sides of the projected building when final lay out takes
place. It should be as high as the desired height of the
foundation. In construction with different heights of foundation,
the tallest foundation is set as the height of the batter boards.
10. Concrete
- it is an artificial stone as a result of mixing
cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and
water.
11. Mortar
- is a mixture of cement, sand, water used for
binding stones and bricks. It is a glue that holds
masonry units together.
MIXING PROPORTION OF CONCRETE MORTAR

CLASS MIXTURE CEMENT 40 KG. SAND CU. FT

A 1 2

B 1 3

C 1 4

1
D 5
PROPORTIONING CONCRETE MIXTURE

SAND GRAVEL
CEMENT
CLASS OF
BAGS
MIXTURE CUBIC CUBIC
40KG. CUBIC M. CUBIC M.
FT. FT.

AA 1 1 1/2 .043 3 .085

A 1 2 .057 4 .113

B 1 2 1/2 .071 5 .142

C 1 3 .085 6 .170
The Building Code on Curing of concrete
provides that:

"Concrete shall be maintained above 10 degrees

celsius temperature and in a moist condition for at
least 7 days after placing, except that high early
strength concrete shall be maintained for at least
the first 3 days. Curing by high pressure steam at
atmospheric pressure, heat and moisture or other
accepted process, maybe employed accelerate
strength gain and reduce the time of curing."
 Reporters:
Disuyo, Edmond
Lopez, Regiery
Cortez, Janine
Delos Santos, Regina
Hererra, Julie Ann
Prima, Arianne Asja
Salazar, Lhiz Van Shannen
Sultan, Danice
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