MODULE 1 – INTRODUCTION TO IoT

CONTENTS
 1.3 SENSING

What are IoT Sensor Devices?

 IoT Sensors are sensors that

connect to internet
 3 required functions:
 Sensing
 Connectivity
 Power Supply
 MCU is a helpful support
function
 There are thousands of different
sensors
 There are hundreds of
different communication
methods
 There are hundreds of
power supply option
 Diversity, low power, RF, and
low cost make IoT Sensors
 1.3 SENSING

What Are Sensors Used For?

 Sense and measure physical

quantities, and convert them into
digital representation
 Performs some function of input by
sensing or feeling the physical
changes in the characteristic of a
system in response to stimuli
 Input:
Physical parameter or stimuli
 Example: Temperature, light, gas,
pressure, and sound
 Output:
Response to stimuli
 1.3 SENSING

Some examples of sensors

Temperature and Humidity Gas (LPG, CH4, and CO) detector Ultrasonic sensor - HC-SR04 CMOS Camera
sensor – DH22 sensor - MQ-5

PIR sensor Rain detector sensor Fire detector sensor

 1.3 SENSING

Sensor Characteristics

Important static characteristics of sensors include sensitivity, resolution,

linearity, zero drift and full-scale drift, range, repeatability and reproducibility.
Sensitivity is a measure of the change in output of the sensor relative to a unit
change in the input (the measured quantity.)

1. Static characteristics
 After steady state condition, how the output of a sensor change in response
to an input change
2. Dynamic characteristics
 The properties of the system’s transient response to an input
 1.3
1.6 SENSING
Sensing

1. Static characteristics
 Accuracy
 Represents the correctness of the output compared to a superior
system
 The different between the standard and the measured value
 Range
 Gives the highest and the lowest value of the physical quantity within
which the sensor can actually sense
 Beyond this value there is no sensing or no kind of response
 Resolution
 Provides the smallest change in the input that a sensor is capable of
sensing
 Resolution is an important specification towards selection of sensors.
 Higher the resolution better the precision
 1.3 SENSING

1. STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
 Errors
 The difference between the standard value and the value
produced by sensor
 Sensitivity
 Sensitivity indicates ratio of incremental change in the response
of the system with respect to incremental change in input
parameter.
 It can be found from slope of output characteristic curve of a
sensor
 Linearity
 The deviation of sensor value curve from a particular straight line
 Drift
 The difference in the measurements of sensor from a specific
reading when kept at that value for a long period of time
 Repeatability
 The deviation between measurements in a sequence under
 1.3
1.6 SENSING
Sensing

2. DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
How well a sensor responds to changes in its input
 Zero order system
 Output shows a response to the input signal with no delay
 Does not include energy-storing elements
 Example: Potentiometer measures linear and rotary displacements
 First order system
 When the output approaches its final value gradually
 Consists of an energy storage and dissipation element
 Second order system
 Complex output response
 The output response of sensor oscillates before steady state
 1.3 Sensing
1.6 SENSING

Sensor Classification

Sensor

Passive and active

Analog and digital

Scalar and vector

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 1.3
1.6 SENSING
Sensing

Passive Sensor
 Cannot independently sense the input
 Example: Accelerometer, soil moisture, water-level, and temperature sensors

Active Sensor
 Independently sense the input
 Example: Radar, sounder, and laser altimeter sensors
1.3
1.6 SENSING
Sensing
1.3
1.6 SENSING
Sensing
 1.3
1.6 SENSING
Sensing

1. Analog Sensor

 The response or output of the sensor is some continuous function of its input
parameter
 Example: Temperature sensor, LDR, analog pressure sensor, and
Analog Hall effect/Magnetic Sensor
 1.3
1.6 SENSING
Sensing

2. Digital Sensor
 Responses in binary nature
 Designs to overcome the disadvantages of analog sensors
 Along with the analog sensor it also comprises of extra electronics for bit
conversion
 Example: Passive infrared (PIR) sensor and digital temperature
sensor (DS1620)
 1.3
1.6 SENSING
Sensing

TYPES OF SENSORS
1. Analog Pressure Sensor
2. Digital Pressure Sensor
3. Analog Hall effect/Magnetic Sensor (Position Sensor)
4. Load cell (weighing sensors)
5. Temperature Sensor
6. Reflex Sensor
7. Fork Sensor
8. Wind speed / Wind direction Sensor
9. Radar Sensor
10.Solar Radiation Sensor
11. Humidity Sensor
12.Air Quality Sensor [Gas sensor]
13.Light Sensor
14.Rainfall Sensor
15.Soil Moisture Sensor
16.Water Level Sensor
 1.3
1.6 SENSING
Sensing

1. Scalar Sensor

 Detects the input parameter only based on its magnitude

 The response of the sensor is a function of magnitude of the input parameter
 Not affected by the direction of the input parameter
 Example: Temperature, gas, strain, colour, and smoke sensors

2. Vector Sensor

 The response of the sensor depends on the magnitude of the direction and
orientation of input parameter
 Example : Accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetic field, and motion detector
sensors
 1.3
1.7ACTUATION
Actuation

What is an Actuator?

Energy Actuator Signal

Motion / Force
 An actuator is part of the system that deals with the control action
required (mechanical action)
 Mechanical or electro-mechanical devices

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-4asLZx5DGlgbldf8nY0XpILuM5RZ
upb/view?usp=sharing
 1.3
1.7ACTUATION
Actuation

Actuators

 A control signal is input to an

actuator and an energy source
is necessary for its operation
 Available in both micro and DC Motor
macro scales
 Example: Electric motor,
solenoid, hard drive stepper
motor, comb drive, hydraulic
cylinder, piezoelectric actuator,
and pneumatic actuator

Relay
 1.3
1.7ACTUATION
Actuation

Classification of Actuators

Electric Linear
Electric Rotary
Fluid Power Linear
Fluid Power Rotary
Linear Chain Actuators
Manual Linear
Manual Rotary
 1.3
1.7ACTUATION
Actuation

Electric Linear Actuator

 Powered by electrical signal

 Mechanical device containing linear
guides, motors, and drive
mechanisms
 Converts electrical energy
into linear displacement
 Used in automation applications
including electrical bell, opening and
closing dampers, locking doors, and
braking machine motions
 1.3
1.7ACTUATION
Actuation

Electric Rotary Actuator

 Powered by electrical signal

 Converts electrical energy into
rotational motion
 Applications including quarter-turn
valve windows, and robotics
 1.3
1.7ACTUATION
Actuation

Fluid Power Linear Actuator

 Powered by hydraulic fluid, gas, or

differential air pressure
 Mechanical devices have cylinder
and piston mechanisms
 Produces linear displacement
 Primarily used in automation
applications including clamping
and welding
 1.3
1.7ACTUATION
Actuation

Fluid Power Rotary Actuator

 Powered by fluid, gas, or

differential air pressure
 Consisting of gearing, and
cylinder and piston mechanisms
 Converts hydraulic fluid, gas, or
differential air pressure into
rotational motion
 Primarily applications of this
actuator are opening and
closing dampers, doors, and
clamping
 1.3
1.7ACTUATION
Actuation

Linear Chain Actuator

 Mechanical devices containing

sprockets and sections of chain
 Provides linear motion by the free
ends of the specially designed
chains
 Primarily used in motion
control applications
 1.3
1.7ACTUATION
Actuation

Manual Linear Actuator

 Provides linear displacement

through the translation of
manually rotated screws or
gears
 Consists of gearboxes, and
hand operated knobs or
wheels
 Primarily used for manipulating
tools and workpieces
 1.3
1.7ACTUATION
Actuation

Manual Rotary Actuator

 Provides rotary output through the

translation of manually rotated
screws, levers, or gears
 Consists of hand operated knobs,
levers, handwheels, and
gearboxes
 Primarily used for the operation of
valves
 1.31.8
BASICS
BasicsOF
of NETWORKING
Networking

The need for networking

 A network is created when two or more computing devices exchange data or

information.
 Typically, devices are known as “nodes” of the network, and they communicate
over “links
 Network links rely upon a physical medium, such as electrical wires, air, and
optical fibers, over which data can be sent from one network node to the next.
It is not uncommon for these media to be grouped either as wired or wireless.
 Beyond the basic ability to transfer data, the speed and accuracy with which
data can be transferred is of critical importance to the application.

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w?usp=sharing
 1.31.8
BASICS
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Networking

Types of Network

 Local Area Network

 Local area network covers a small geographic region such as a commercial
building, an office block, or a home, and does not require any leased
communications infrastructure
 The most popular wired LAN technology is Ethernet. Wi-Fi is the most
prevalent wireless LAN (WLAN) technology
 Wide Area Network
 WANs provide communication links that cover longer distances, such as
across metropolitan, regional, global geographic areas.
 Wireless WAN (WWAN), covers cellular mobile telecommunication networks.
Eg. LTE(4G) , 5G WiMAX etc.

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w__n3-gilGLEl7AP/view?usp=sharing
 1.31.8
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IoT Components

or

NPTEL Lecture :
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kCtqhG80usmnhBHdZ7TUk8ZKA
3_M9-J-/
 2.4 IIoT
1.3 BASICS OF layers
NETWORKING
 2.4 IIoT
1.3 BASICS OFlayers
NETWORKING
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IoT Components
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Networking

IoT Components
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Networking
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Networking

Switches, routers, and wireless access points are the essential

networking basics.
Through them, devices connected to your network can communicate
with one another and with other networks, like the Internet.
Switches, routers, and wireless access points perform very different
functions in a network.
Switches
Switches are the foundation of most business networks.
A switch acts as a controller, connecting computers, printers, and
servers to a network in a building or a campus.
 1.31.8
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Switches allow devices on your network to communicate with each

other, as well as with other networks, creating a network of shared
resources.
Through information sharing and resource allocation, switches save
money and increase productivity.
There are two basic types of switches to choose from as part of your
networking basics: 
 On-premises 
 Cloud-managed.
• A managed on-premises switch lets you configure and monitor
your LAN, giving you tighter control of your network traffic.

• Have a small IT team? A cloud-managed switch can simplify your

network management.
• You get a simple user interface, multisite full-stack management,
and automatic updates delivered directly to the switch.
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Routers
Routers connect multiple networks together.
They also connect computers on those networks to the Internet.
Routers enable all networked computers to share a single Internet
connection, which saves money. 
A router acts a dispatcher. It analyzes data being sent across a
network, chooses the best route for data to travel, and sends it on its
way. 
Routers connect your business to the world, protect information from
security threats, and can even decide which computers receive
priority over others. 
Beyond those basic networking functions, routers come with
additional features to make networking easier or more secure.
Depending on your security needs, for example, you can choose a
router with a firewall, a virtual private network (VPN), or an Internet
Protocol (IP) communications system
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Access Points
An access point allows devices to connect to the wireless network
without cables. A wireless network makes it easy to bring new
devices online and provides flexible support to mobile workers
An access point acts like an amplifier for your network.
While a router provides the bandwidth, an access point extends that
bandwidth so that the network can support many devices, and those
devices can access the network from farther away.
But an access point does more than simply
extend Wi-Fi.
It can also give useful data about the devices on
the network, provide proactive security, and serve
many other practical purposes.
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Wireless Networking
To create your wireless network, you can choose between three
types of deployment:
1. Centralized deployment
2. Converged deployment
3. Cloud-based deployment.
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1. Centralized deployment
The most common type of wireless network system, centralized deployments
are traditionally used in campuses where buildings and networks are in close
proximity.
This deployment consolidates the wireless network, which makes upgrades
easier and facilitates advanced wireless functionality.
Controllers are based on-premises and are installed in a centralized
location.  
2. Converged deployment
For small campuses or branch offices, converged deployments offer
consistency in wireless and wired connections.
This deployment converges wired and wireless on one network device—an
access switch—and performs the dual role of both switch and wireless
controller.
3. Cloud-based deployment
This system uses the cloud to manage network devices deployed on-
premises at different locations.
The solution requires Cisco Meraki cloud-managed devices, which provide
full visibility of the network through their dashboards.   
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Wired vs Wireless Networks

Early (pre 2008) networks were predominately wired.
Today however most networks will use a mixture of wired and
wireless network.
Wired networks use Ethernet as the data link protocol. This is
unlikely to change with the IoT, as IoT devices will be
predominantly wireless.