THE t-TEST FOR

CORRELATED SAMPLES
Example
An experimental study was conducted on the effect of programmed materials in Mathematics on
the performance of 20 selected college students. Before the program was implemented, pretest was
administered and after 3 months the same instrument was used to get the posttest result. Is the
program materials effective? The following is the result of the experiment:
PRETEST POSTTEST
20 24
35 38
15 20
16 25
18 27
17 24
23 35
22 27
19 23
25 28
28 32
22 28
12 25
15 26
21 32
28 39
25 36
16 28
34 41
32 38
The t-test for correlated samples is used when comparing the means
before and after the treatment such as pretest and posttest.

Formula:

Where:
the mean difference between the pretest and the posttest.
D = the difference between the pretest and the posttest
n = the sample size
 Stepwise Method
I. Problem: Is there a significant difference in the performance of 20 students in Mathematics before and after the implementation of
the program?
II. Hypothesis:
Ho: There is no significant difference between the performance of the students before and after the implementation of the
program
Ha: There is a significant difference between the performance of the students before and after the implementation of the program
III. Level of Significance:

T-TABLE
df = n1 – 1 = 20 – 1 = 19 tabular-value/critical value = 2.093
IV. Statistics: t- test for correlated sample
(see attached result of mega stat) Manual Computation
(see attached manual computation)

V. Decision Rule: If the p value is less than or equal to 0.05 level of significance, reject Ho (megastat)
if the computed t-value is greater than or beyond the tabular value/critical value, reject Ho (manual)

VI. Conclusion: The t-value is 10.087 with degrees of freedom of 19. The resulting p-value of 0.000 is less than 0.05 level of
significance, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. (Since the computed t-value of 10.087 is greater than the critical
value of 2.093 with degrees of freedom of 19, the null hypothesis is rejected.)This mean that there is a significant difference
between the performance of the students in Mathematics before and after the implementation of program. It implies that the program
materials in Mathematics is effective.
 Manual Solution Substituting values in the formula:
PRETEST POSTTEST  Difference  Square D
X1 X2 D D2 𝐷
𝑡=

√
20 24 -4 16 2
35 38 -3 9 (∑ 𝐷 )
15 20 -5 25
∑ 2
𝐷 −
𝑛
16 25 -9 81 𝑛 (𝑛 − 1 )
18 27 -9 81
17 24 -7 49 7.65
𝑡=

√
23 35 -12 144 = 22.15 - 29.8 = -7.65
22 27 -5 25 ( − 153 )2
1389 −
19 23 -4 16 20
25 28 -3 9 20 ( 19 )
28 32 -4 16
22 28 -6 36
12 25 -13 169
t =-10.087
15 26 -11 121
21 32 -11 121
28 39 -11 121
25 36 -11 121
16 28 -12 144
34 41 -7 49
32 38 -6 36

Mean1 = 22.15 Stepwise Method

-153 1389
Mega stat Result
Hypothesis Test: Paired Observations

0.000 hypothesized value

22.150 mean Group 1
29.800 mean Group 2
-7.650 mean difference (Group 1 - Group 2)
3.392 std. dev.
0.758 std. error
20 n
19 df

-10.087 t
4.57E-09 p-value (two-tailed)
THE Z-TEST
The z-test is another test under parametric statistics requiring normality of the
distribution. It utilizes the two population parameters It is used to compare two means: the
sample mean, and perceived population mean. It is also used to compare the two-sample
means reckoned from the same population. It is used when the samples are equal to or
greater 30. The z-test can be applied in two ways: the One-Sample Mean Test and the Two-
Sample Mean Test.

The One-Sample Mean Test is used when the sample mean is being compared to the perceived
population mean. Nevertheless, in the absence of the population standard deviation, the sample
standard deviation can be used for this value.
The formula is:

Where:

of the population mean

= population standard deviation
n = sample size
THE Z-TEST

The two-sample mean test is used when comparing two separate samples drawn at
random, from a normal population. To test whether the difference between the two values
and is significant or can be attributed to chance, the formula used is:
The formula is:

Where:

 
 
Stepwise Method