ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The endocrine system is a network of hormone-

producing glands such as the pituitary gland, the thyroid
gland, the pancreas, the parathyroid glands that produce
and that control and release hormone that imp for various
body function.

1. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
3. Luteinising hormone (LH)
4. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
5. Prolactin (PRL)
6. Growth hormone (GH)
7. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
DEFINITION
• Diabetes mellitus a metabolic disorder in which glucose level in blood is
much higher than normal also called as sugar disease.

• Normal blood sugar levels are less than 100 mg/dL after not eating

(fasting) for at least eight hours. And they're less than 140 mg/Dl( Deciliter)
two hours after eating
ETIOLOGY

Sedentary: sitting long time

TYPES OF DIABETES:
Diabetes is a chronic (lifelong) disease marked by high levels of sugar in the
blood.

•The Types of Diabetes :There are two Types of diabetes…..

1. Type 1 Diabetes
2. Type 2 Diabetes

•Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Is a chronic (lifelong) disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce
enough insulin to properly control blood sugar levels.

The body's own immune system attacks and destroys beta cells in the pancreas that
are responsible for creating the hormone insulin.

•Type 2 diabetes
•formerly called non-insulin- dependent diabetes in which pancreas produced
insulin but body cell unable to respond it. Is insulin resistance diabetes.
Pathogenesis
Body Obtain glucose due To

Intestinal absorption of food gluconeogenesis

Breakdown of glycogen

Insulin balance glucose level

Insulin release by B cell of pancreases in response to rising level of blood glucose

Insulin used by body cell to absorb glucose from blood ( as fuel)

Decrease insulin release from b cell

If amount of insulin insufficient glucose not absorb properly

Gluconeogenesis is the
High level of glucose in blood synthesis of glucose from
nonsugar precursors, such as
Glycogen is lactate, pyruvate, and the carbon
the storage form Diabetic Mellitus skeleton of glucogenic amino
of carbohydrates  acids.
SYMPTOMS
Thirst, Excessive urination
DIAGNOSIS

• Preliminary Examination
• Regular checking of fasting and post meal blood
glucose level is standard method
• Presence of glucose in urine, ketene bodies
TREATMENT

NON- PHARMACOLOGICAL:
1. Regulation of salt, diet control
2. Exercise, weight reduction , limited alcohol intake
PHARMACOLOGICAL :
1. Oral hypoglycemic agents eg. Tolbutamide
2. Continues monitoring of blood and urine for glucose
Disorders of thyroid hormones
1. Hypothyroidism
2. Hyperthyroidism
3. Thyroiditis
1. Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism Resulting from reduced circulating level of T3 and T4

Causes of Hypothyroidism
•Primary
1. Dietary Iodide deficiency
2. Iodine defficiency
3. Autoimmune (Hashimoto´s Thyroiditis
4. Drugs: amiodarone, lithium, thiocyanates, phenylbutazone, sulfonylureas
5. Surgical removal of the thyroid gland and radiation

• Secondary
1. Pituitary gland destruction
2. Isolated TSH deficiency
3. Bexarotene(anti cancer drug) treatment
SYMPTOMS
1. Fatigue
2. Depression
3. Constipation
4. Feeling Cold
5. Dry Skin
6. Weight Gain
7. Muscle Weakness
8. Decreased Sweating
9. Slowed Heart Rate
10. Elevated Blood Cholesterol
11. Pain And Stiffness In Your Joints
12. Dry, Thinning Hair
13. Impaired Memory
14. Fertility Difficulties Or Menstrual
Changes
15. Muscle Stiffness, Aches, And
Tenderness
16. Sensitive Face
Hypothyroidism appears in 3 forms-
A. Myxoedema (Gull Disease)
B. Cretinism
C. Thyroiditis
A. Myxoedema (Gull Disease)
Hypothyroidism developing in adults, deposition of excess mucoprotein in skin of
forearm, Leg, fee.

Features-
1. Enlargement of thyroid gland (Goiter)
2. Lack of interest in daily household chores.
3. slowing of physical and mental activity
4. generalized fatigue, dull look
5. overweight
6. shortness of breath

A mucoprotein is a glycoprotein composed primarily

of mucopolysaccharides. Mucoproteins can be found
throughout the body, including the gastrointestinal tract,
reproductive organs, airways, and the synovial fluid of the
knees.
 B.

C.
Hyperthyroidism

It is a condition resulting from increased level of circulating FT4 and FT3

 Causes of Hyperthyroidism

Thyroiditis is inflammation of your thyroid gland. Graves' disease is an immune system
disorder that results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones
SYMPTOMS
C. Thyroiditis
Types of thyroiditis

1. Postpartus thyroiditis: Inflammation of thyroid gland after

giving birth , affect 10% of women

2. Harshimotos disease: occur at any age but most common

in middle age of women

Treatment :
NON- PHARMACOLOGICAL:
1. Regulation of salt, diet control
2. Exercise, weight reduction , limited alcohol intake
PHARMACOLOGICAL :
3. Hypothyroidism
Thyroxin – T4 is given for life
T3 orally or IV
Glucose infusion
2. Hyperthyroidism
Anti thyroid drugs: Carbimazole
Radio active iodine
Surgery
3. Thyroiditis
Replacing Thyroid Harmone, B- Blocker, surgery
Disorder of Sex Hormone
•The sex harmones are group of hormones responsible for
controlling reproduction, birth and lactation.

•Testosterone ( male)
•Estrogen ( female)

•Both testosterone and estrogen are present in males and

females, but the levels differ according to male or female.

•Males have higher levels of testosterone and females have

higher levels of estrogen.
causes
The primary causes of sex hormone disorders include:
•Infections in the glands or organs
•Excessive alcohol consumption or drug use
•Injury to the testicles
•Surgical removal of the testicles
•Medications, which include steroids
•Hereditary factors
Sex hormone disorders can also be caused by:
•Obesity
•Low body fat
•Other health problems
•Hormone supplements
•Thyroid problems
•Ovarian tumors
Disorders of sex hormone in female
1. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

2. Amenorrhea

3. Hirsutism

4. Androgen Excess

Disorders of sex harmone in male

5. Hypogonadism

6. Gynecomasha
Disorders of sex hormone in female

1. Polycystic ovarian syndrome ( PCOS)

• This disorder characterized by irregular menstrual cycle with
systems like male like hair growth.
• most common in young female
TREATMENT

NON- PHARMACOLOGICAL:
1. Exercise, weight loss, medication

PHARMACOLOGICAL :

1. Menstrual cycle regulated by birth control pills

2. Amenorrhea
Absence of menstrual period in women in a reproductive age.

Type :
1. Primary: women never develop a menstrual period
Causes: genetic factor
Ovaries premature development
2. Secondary: first menstrual occur but later on stop
Causes: hormonal disturbance
pregnancy
ovary infection

Treatment:
Drug therapy: Dopamine agonist, metformin( induce ovulation),
hormone replacement therpay.
surgery
3. Hirsutism:
Growth of excessive hair like in male pattern
Increase androgen

Diagnosis: Blood test

Treatment: Electrolysis and lazer to decrease hair

4. Androgen excess
It is nothing but overproduction of male harmone result from
ovarian and adrenal tumor

Diagnosis: Blood test, Ct scan of adrenal

Disorders of sex harmon in male
1. Hypogonadism:
• It is nothing but decrease the production of testosterone.
• This can result from pituitary gland not stimulating the testile to
make testosterone.

• Diagnosis: Blood test, MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging )

• Treatment: testosterone level increases by injection, topical gel

2. Gynecomasha
• Increase breast tissue in men.

• Causes: medication (Gymasium) , thyroid disease, testile cancer,

malnutrition, adrenal cancer, liver disease

• Diagnosis: Blood test

Treatment
Liposuction. This surgery removes breast fat but not the breast gland
tissue itself.
Mastectomy. This type of surgery removes the breast gland tissue.