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Si RNA

This document discusses several types of non-coding RNAs including ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, small nuclear RNA, small nucleolar RNA, microRNA, and short interfering RNA. It provides details on the structure and function of small nuclear RNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, microRNAs, and short interfering RNAs. Small nuclear RNAs help in splicing mRNA precursors. Small nucleolar RNAs guide chemical modifications of other RNAs during ribosome biogenesis. MicroRNAs and short interfering RNAs are both around 21-25 nucleotides long and can repress translation or catalyze destruction of target mRNAs.

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Thammana Nishithareddy
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64 views17 pages

Si RNA

This document discusses several types of non-coding RNAs including ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, small nuclear RNA, small nucleolar RNA, microRNA, and short interfering RNA. It provides details on the structure and function of small nuclear RNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, microRNAs, and short interfering RNAs. Small nuclear RNAs help in splicing mRNA precursors. Small nucleolar RNAs guide chemical modifications of other RNAs during ribosome biogenesis. MicroRNAs and short interfering RNAs are both around 21-25 nucleotides long and can repress translation or catalyze destruction of target mRNAs.

Uploaded by

Thammana Nishithareddy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Non-coding RNAs

• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)


• Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
• Small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA)
• MicroRNA (miRNA)
• Short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Other non-coding RNAs.

• Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) form


part of the spliceosome which cleaves
the introns out of mRNA precursors.
• There are 5 snRNAs; U1, U2, U4, U5
and you guessed it U6.
Other non-coding RNAs.

• These RNA species are between 50 and


200 nucleotides long and complex with
proteins to form snRNPs (small nuclear
ribonucleoprotein particles..snurps).
• These small RNAs contribute to the
recognition of splice sites in the mRNA
and in catalysing the breaking and joining
of the mRNA.
snoRNA
• snoRNA are small nucleolar RNAs between
60 and 300 nucleotides in length.
• RNA editing function
• They recognise their target sequence by
base pairing and then recruit specialised
proteins to perform nucleotide modifications
to these RNAs;
– 2’ O-ribose methylation,
– base deaminations such as adenine to inosine
conversions
– addition of pseudouridines.
snoRNA
• These modifications are crucial to ribosome
biogenesis.
• snoRNAs are derived from introns.
• sno RNAs in conjunction with snRNAs have been
suggested as regulators for alternative splice sites.
• snoRNAs are derived from the introns of pre-mRNA
transcripts, suggesting that introns are not “junk” DNA.
miRNA and siRNA
• microRNA (miRNA) and short
interfering RNA (siRNA) are very small
RNA molecules, ranging between 21 to 25
nucleotides long.
• These are the hot molecules! They are
seen as the next anti-viral agents, cures
for cancer etc even a replacement for
fossil fuels!!!
miRNA and siRNA
• The 2 species are quite similar, the
variations come from their source or origin.
• MicroRNA comes from short endogenous
hairpin loop structures, synthesised by
RNA pol II, often from within introns.
• The hairpin structures are cleaved in the
nucleus, exported to the cytoplasm and
further processed to ~22 nt duplexes.
miRNA
• It cuts off the hairpin loop and the 65 75 nt
pre-miRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm
by exportin 5
• It is further processed by another RNase
III endonuclease system, Dicer.
• The mature miRNA s are ~22 nt duplexes
and act usually to repress translation of
target mRNA sequences.
siRNA
• siRNAs are similar but are produced from
long double stranded RNA molecules or
giant hairpin molecules, often of
exogenous origin.
• This whole process is thought to be part of
the cell’s antiviral defense.
siRNA
• Researchers can also introduce their own
double stranded RNA.
• The double stranded molecules are
processed by Dicer, the cytoplasmic
RNase III endonuclease system.
siRNA
• The processed interfering RNA (RNAi) can
catalyse the destruction of endogenous
mRNAs of the same sequence and this
process has been used very successfully
by scientists to silence genes or knock
them down.

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