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REPORTED SPEECH

• Direct speech: I like ice cream.

• Reported speech: She said that she liked ice cream.

• Direct speech: I have lost my umbrella.

• Reported speech: He said that he had lost his umbrella.
Direct Speech
The reporting of speech by repeating the actual words
of the speaker is called direct speech.

Indirect Speech
The act of reporting the speech by not repeating the
actual words of the speaker is called indirect speech.
Reported speech- statements
• Omission of inverted commas – “….”
• Selection of reporting verb- said, told ,informed,
etc..
• Use of ‘that’ after reporting verb
• Change of tense
• Changes in adverbs of time and place
• Change of pronouns
Reported speech- statements
• Present Simple Tense into Past Simple Tense
• Present Continuous Tense into Past Continuous Tense
• Present Perfect Tense into Past Perfect Tense
• Past Simple Tense into Past Perfect Tense
• Past Continuous Tense into Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• Past Perfect Tense (The tense remains unchanged)
• Will into Would
• Will be into Would be
• Will have into Would have
• Will have been into Would have been
Reported speech- statements

Other Verb Form Changes in Indirect Speech

• Can into Could
• Could (The verb remains unchanged)
• Have to into Had to
• Must into Must/Had to
• May into Might
• Might (The verb remains unchanged)
• Should (The verb remains unchanged)
Reported speech- statements
Time and place changes in Indirect Speech
• Now –> Then
• Today –> That day
• Here –> There
• This –> That
• Tomorrow –> The following day/ The next day/ The day after
• Next week –> The following week/ The next week/ The week after
• Yesterday –> The previous day/ The day before
• Last week –> The previous week/ The week before
• Ago –> Previously/ Before
• Tonight –> That night
Questions
direct question reported question

She said: "Are you deaf?" She asked me if I was deaf.

He said: "Where's my pen?" He asked where his pen was.

•He asked (me) if/whether... (YES/NO questions)

•He asked (me) why/when/where/what/how... (question-word questions)

Questions
• As with reported statements, we may need to
change pronouns and tense(backshift) as well
as time and place in reported questions.

• But we also need to change the word order. After we

report a question, it is no longer a question (and in
writing there is no question mark). The word order is
like that of a normal statement (subject-verb-object).
 Questions
Reported YES/NO questions

1. She said, "Do you like coffee?“

2. I said: "Can I help you?“
3. She said to us: "Did you feel cold?“
4. He said: "Are your hands cold?“
5. He asked, "Do you want tea or coffee?“
6. He said, "Is the car new or second-hand?"
1. She said, "Do you like coffee?“
Ans: She asked if I liked coffee.
2. I said: "Can I help you?“
Ans: I asked if I could help her.
3. She said to us: "Did you feel cold?“
Ans: She asked if we had felt cold.
4. He said: "Are your hands cold?
Ans: “He asked whether my hands were cold.
5 He asked, "Do you want tea or coffee?“
Ans: He asked whether I wanted tea or coffee.
6. He said, "Is the car new or second-hand?“
Ans: He asked whether the car was new or second-hand.
 Reported Requests

• A request is when somebody asks you to do something – usually

politely. Reported requests are one form of reported speech.

direct request reported request

She said: "Could you open the window, please?" She asked me to open the window.

He said: "Please don't smoke." He asked them not to smoke.

Reported Requests
• We usually introduce reported requests with the verb "ask". 
ask + Noun/pronoun + To infinitive

• We asked the man to help us.

Because we use the infinitive there is no need to worry about tense.

But as with reported statements and reported questions, we may need
to change pronouns as well as time and place in reported requests.
Reported Requests
1. I said politely, "Please make less noise.”
2. She has often said to me, "Could you stay the night?”
3. They said to the architect: "We'd like you to meet us here
tomorrow.“
4. She will certainly say to John, "Please stay for lunch.“
5. She always says, "Please don't forget me."
Reported Requests
Q: I said politely, "Please make less noise.”
Ans: I asked them politely to make less noise.
Q: She has often said to me, "Could you stay the night?”
Ans: She has often asked me to stay the night.
Q: They said to the architect: "We'd like you to meet us here tomorrow.“
Ans: They asked the architect to meet them there the next day.
Q: She will certainly say to John, "Please stay for lunch.“
Ans: She will certainly ask John to stay for lunch
Q: She always says, "Please don't forget me.“
Ans: She always asks me not to forget her.
 Reported Orders

• An order is when somebody tells you to do something and you have

no choice. It is not usually polite. It is a "command". Reported orders
are one form of reported speech.

direct order reported order

She said: "Stop!" She told him to stop.
Reported Orders
• We usually introduce reported orders with the verb "tell".
tell + Noun/pronoun + To infinitive

• We told the man not to smoke.

• The policeman told us to follow him.
Because we use the infinitive there is no need to worry about tense.
But as with reported statements and reported requests, we may need
to change pronouns as well as time and place in reported orders.
Reported Orders
Q: She said, "Eat your food now!"
Ans:
Q: The policeman said: "Get out of your car!"
Ans:
Q: She said, "You must make the bed before you go to work!"
Ans:
Q: The doctor said: "Don't smoke in here!"
Ans:
Reported Orders
Q: She said, "Eat your food now!"
Ans: She told the boy to eat his food right then.
Q: The policeman said: "Get out of your car!"
Ans: The policeman instructed us to get out of our car.
Q: She said, "You must make the bed before you go to work!"
Ans: She told her husband to make the bed before he went to work.
Q: The doctor said: "Don't smoke in here!"
Ans: The doctor told them not to smoke in there.
Reporting exclamations
• When we report exclamations we usually use a reporting verb
like exclaimed, mourned, cried, shouted etc. Exclamation marks and
the words like alas, hurrah etc., are omitted. The conjunction ‘that’ is
used.
•  Mary said, ‘Oh! I am ill.’
Mary exclaimed that she was very ill.
• She cried, ‘How hot it is!
She exclaimed that it was terribly hot.
Sentences are given in direct speech. Change them into indirect speech.

1. He said, ‘I am writing a letter.’

2. She said, ‘I eat ice-cream every day.’
3. He said, ‘I have been preparing for the test.’
4. The boy said, ‘I have submitted the report.’
5. He said, ‘I was working in the garage.’
6. Roni said, ‘I will do this.’
7. Looking at the fence, James said, ‘I can jump over this fence.’
8. He said in a threatening voice, ‘I will kill you.’
9. He said to me, ‘You are a liar.’
10. Rani said, ‘I left my phone at home.’
11. He said, ‘I am ready to be here now.’
Answers

1. He said that he was writing a letter.

2. She said that she ate ice-cream every day.
3. He said that he had been preparing for the test.
4. The boy said that he had submitted the report.
5. He said that he was working in the garage.
6. Roni said that he would do that.
7. Looking at the fence, James said that he could jump over it.
8. He threatened to kill me.
9. He told me that I was a liar.
10. Rani said that she had left her phone at home.
11. He said that he was ready to be there then.
THANK YOU
-SHAIJU AUGUSTINE