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PPT6 Population and Locale of The Study

Here is a draft methodology section with the requested sub-headings: Methodology Research Design - This study will employ a quantitative research design using a survey method to collect data. Population and Locale of the Study - The target population will be students at a large public university. The study will take place on the university's main campus. Data gathering tool - A questionnaire containing closed-ended questions will be used to collect data from participants. The questionnaire will be administered online. Data gathering procedures - A link to the online questionnaire will be distributed via email to a random sample of 500 students drawn from the university's student directory. Treatment of Data - Data collected from completed questionnaires will be

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Maria Caridad Garcia
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177 views21 pages

PPT6 Population and Locale of The Study

Here is a draft methodology section with the requested sub-headings: Methodology Research Design - This study will employ a quantitative research design using a survey method to collect data. Population and Locale of the Study - The target population will be students at a large public university. The study will take place on the university's main campus. Data gathering tool - A questionnaire containing closed-ended questions will be used to collect data from participants. The questionnaire will be administered online. Data gathering procedures - A link to the online questionnaire will be distributed via email to a random sample of 500 students drawn from the university's student directory. Treatment of Data - Data collected from completed questionnaires will be

Uploaded by

Maria Caridad Garcia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Population and Locale of the study

Sampling Techniques

Dr. MARIA CARIDAD M. GARCIA, PhD.


Scope of Presentation

1. Nature of Sampling
2. The Population and Sample
3. Why Study a Sample
4. Types of Sampling
Nature of Sampling

Sampling is the process of choosing


representatives of sample population or some
elements in a population that will represents
sample population. It is assumed that the
characteristics of the chosen elements, called
sample, reflect the characteristics of the
entire population. In contrast total
enumeration or census requires the study of
all elements in the population.
Population & Sample
Population
refers to the total number of elements (e.g. items,
objects, areas, or
individuals) to be studied.

Sample
This refer to an individual, an element or a group of
individuals or elements on which information is
obtained. The sample is drawn from a population to
which research results are generalized.
Why Study Sample
1. It is cheaper. Since a sample is smaller than the entire population, collection and
processing of data, therefore, costs much less. For instance, studying or interviewing a
sample of 200 persons, is much less expensive than interviewing an entire population of
2000.

2. It is faster. It is definitely quicker to study fewer individuals or elements than an


entire population.

3. It is more accurate. Fewer errors are expected in data collection and processing in a
study of sample than in a study of entire population. The study of a sample allows for a
more thorough investigation, better supervision, and better handling of data than is
possible with complete coverage.

4.It can yield more comprehensive information. A small sample can be more thorough
investigated and can yield more comprehensive information than a big population.

Source: Cooper and Schindler,2001.


Types of Sampling
Non-probability Sampling
It is arbitrary (non-random) and is generally subjective. Data
gatherers choose sample cases, “as they wish” or “wherever
they find them.”

Probability Sampling
It is based on the concept of random selection, a procedure
that assures that all elements in the population are given an
equal chance of being selected as a sample unit.
Types of Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Convenience sampling attempts to obtain a sample of
convenient elements. Often, respondents are selected because
they happen to be in the right place at the right time.

- use of students, and members of social organizations


- mall intercept interviews without qualifying the respondents
- department stores using charge account lists
- “people on the street” interviews
Purposive Sampling
The researcher purposely excludes other members of the
population which suggests bias

- Interview on the effect of sleepless nights to academic


performance, the interviewer purposely selected the upperclass
cadets excluding the plebes.
Quota Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
• Each element in the population has a known and equal
probability of selection.

• Each possible sample of a given size (n) has a known and


equal probability of being the sample actually selected.

• This implies that every element is selected independently of


every other element.
Systematic Sampling
• The sample is chosen by selecting a random starting point and then
picking every ith element in succession from the sampling frame.
• The sampling interval, i, is determined by dividing the population size N
by the sample size n and rounding to the nearest integer.
• If the ordering of the elements produces a cyclical pattern, systematic
sampling may decrease the representativeness of the sample.
• For example, there are 100,000 elements in the population and a
sample of 1,000 is desired. In this case the sampling interval, i, is 100. A
random number between 1 and 100 is selected. If, for example, this
number is 23, the sample consists of elements 23, 123, 223, 323, 423,
523, and so on.
• kth value may also be used
• K=N/n
• Where N = population size
• n = sample size
Stratified Sampling
• This is applicable when the population can be divided into
relatively homogeneous subgroups of known size (called
strata).
• The strata should be mutually exclusive and collectively
exhaustive in that every population element should be
assigned to one and only one stratum and no population
elements should be omitted.
• Next, elements are selected from each stratum by a random
procedure, usually SRS.
• A major objective of stratified sampling is to increase
precision without increasing cost.
Stratified Sampling
• Stratification of a population results in strata of various size. Consideration
must therefore be given to the sizes of the random samples selected from
these strata.
• Two procedures;
1. Proportional allocation, chooses sample sizes proportional to the sizes.
Sample Sizes for Proportional Allocation. If we divide population of size N into k
strata of sizesN1, N2,........ N_k and select sample of size n1, n2,........ n_k,
respectively from the k strata, the allocation is proportional if

• n1 = (N1, / N)n, for i = 1, 2, ......k

• where n is the total size of the stratified sample.


2. Equal Allocation, where all strata have the same number of n

• Alternatively, a random sample of the whole population could be taken, and


then individual strata estimates could be combined using appropriate weights.
Cluster Sampling
• Cluster sampling selects a sample containing either all, or a
random selection, of the elements from clusters that have
been selected randomly from the population
• Cluster samples could be taken from strata consisting of
geographical regions.
• For each selected cluster, either all the elements are included
in the sample (one-stage) or a sample of elements is drawn
probabilistically (two-stage).
• Elements within a cluster should be as heterogeneous as
possible, but clusters themselves should be as homogeneous
as possible. Ideally, each cluster should be a small-scale
representation of the population.
Cochran’s Sample Size
• Cochran’s Sample Size Formula
• The Cochran formula allows you to calculate an ideal sample size given a desired level of
precision, desired confidence level, and the estimated proportion of the attribute
present in the population.
• Cochran’s formula is considered especially appropriate in situations with large
populations usually above 10,000 . Sample of any given size provides more information
about a smaller population than a larger one, so there’s a ‘correction’ through which the
number given by Cochran’s formula can be reduced if the whole population is relatively
small.
• The Cochran formula is:

• Where:
• e is the desired level of precision (i.e. the margin of error),
• p is the (estimated) proportion of the population which has the attribute in question,
• q is 1 – p.

• The z-value is found in a Z table.


Cochran’s Sample Size
• Cochran’s Sample Size Formula

Here n0 is Cochran’s sample size recommendation, N is the


population size, and n is the new, adjusted sample size.
Slovin’s Formula
• is used to calculate the sample size (n) given the population
size (N) and a margin of error (e). -It is computed as;
• n = N / (1+Ne²)

• Slovin's formula is used when nothing about the behavior of a


population is known at at all.
Total Population is Known
(Source: Parel, etal, 1985)

n= NZ² (p(1-p))
Nd² + Z² (p(1-p)

Where :
N= Population
n = the desired sample size
Z = the standard normal deviate, set at 1.96, corresponding to
95% level of
Confidence
p = the proportion in the target population estimated to have a
particular
characteristic, 50 percent (0.50)
d = degree of accuracy desired, usually set at either .05, .025, or
.01
Activity Instruction

1. Write a draft of your Methodology with the following sub-


titles;
- Research Design
- Population and Locale of the Study
- Data gathering tool
- Data gathering procedures
- Treatment of Data

2. Submit your output to your respective research facilitator.

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