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Unit 1 - Fundamentals of ICT

This document provides an overview of fundamentals of information and communication technology (ICT). It defines key terms, explains the history of computers through generations from vacuum tubes to today's microprocessors. It also describes characteristics of computers like speed, accuracy, storage and versatility. The document outlines the main hardware components of a computer including input devices, output devices, the central processing unit and memory. It then discusses computer software, including system software, programming software and application software. Finally, it describes different types of computers such as microcomputers, workstations, minicomputers, mainframes and supercomputers.

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sinte beyu
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189 views34 pages

Unit 1 - Fundamentals of ICT

This document provides an overview of fundamentals of information and communication technology (ICT). It defines key terms, explains the history of computers through generations from vacuum tubes to today's microprocessors. It also describes characteristics of computers like speed, accuracy, storage and versatility. The document outlines the main hardware components of a computer including input devices, output devices, the central processing unit and memory. It then discusses computer software, including system software, programming software and application software. Finally, it describes different types of computers such as microcomputers, workstations, minicomputers, mainframes and supercomputers.

Uploaded by

sinte beyu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

Unit One:

Fundamentals of ICT

By: Sewunet S. (MPH/HI)
:Be’emnet T(MSc/HI)

11/14/22 zesew1lalem@gmail.com 1
Session Objectives

Define terms (like ICT, Computer … )

Explain history of computer generation

Describe characteristics of computer

Mention types of computers

Explain components of computer


11/14/22 2
Definition of ICT

There is no universally accepted definition for
ICT.

It is defined as "the study, design, development,


implementation, support or management of
computer-based information systems, particularly
software applications and computer hardware."
(AAIT)

11/14/22 3

11/14/22 4

11/14/22 5
Data vs. Information

Data are a collection of raw facts that represent
features or details about people, objects, places,
ideas or events.

Information is a collection of meaningful facts


and figures that can be used as a base for
guidance and decision making.

11/14/22 6
History of Computer

The history of computer development is in
terms of size, speed, cost, technology.

Computer history is broadly classified into five


generations.

11/14/22 7
First Generation -1940-1956:
Vacuum Tubes:

Vacuum tubes (size of light bulb) for circuitry and
magnetic drums for memory & were often enormous.

UNIVAC is the first commercial computer delivered to


a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.

Tubes were subject to frequent burn-out.

11/14/22
They could only solve one problem at a time.
8
Second-Generation -
1956-1963: Transistors

Transistors replaced the vacuum tubes.

Transistors were far superior to the vacuum tube,


allowing computers to become smaller, faster,
cheaper, more energy-efficient.

The 1st computers that stored their instructions in


their memory.
11/14/22 9
Third Generation -1964-
1971: Integrated Circuits

Integrated circuit was developed.

Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon


chips, called semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

Users interacted with third generation computers


through keyboards & monitors & interfaced with an
operating system (run d/t applications at one time)
11/14/22 10
Fourth Generation - 1971-
Present: Microprocessors

Marked by the use of microprocessor, a silicon chip
that contains the CPU (part of the computer where
all processing takes place).

Fourth generation computers also include the


development of the mouse and handheld devices.

11/14/22 11
Fifth Generation - Present and
Beyond: Artificial Intelligence:

These devices are still in development though there
are some applications such as voice recognition,
that are being used today.

Its goal is to develop devices that respond to


natural language input & are capable of learning &
self-organization.

11/14/22 12
Characteristics of Computer

Speed: is increasing from time to time and
computers can calculate at very high speed.

Accuracy: is very high provided that the data and


the program given to it are accurate.

Error in computer data processing is mostly


human factor.
11/14/22 13
Characteristics of
Computer …

Storage: Computers can store large amount of
data using their memory unit and storage media.

Versatility: use of computer for d/t purposes.

Diligence: computer’s ability to do the same


thing repeatedly without saying “I am tired or I
am bored”.
11/14/22 14

Components
of
Computer
11/14/22 15

11/14/22 16
Hardware

Any visible part of a computer that can be seen
and touched.

Involves all material technologies that the


computer uses to input process and produce
output data/information.

Computer hardware is also broadly classified as


input devices, output devices, processing device
and storage devices.
11/14/22 17
Input Devices

“How to tell it what to do”

Allow the computer to capture and input any form of data


like character, text, image, voice and video.
 Mouse
 Touchpad (also track pad)
 Light Pen
 Keyboard
 Scanner
 Microphones
 Digital Cameras
11/14/22 18
Output Devices

“How it shows you what it is doing”
Devices used to display information:
Monitor
Printer
 Laser printers
 Inkjet printers
 Dot Matrix printers
Plotters
Speakers
11/14/22 19
Central Processing Unit

CPU/microprocessor is the "brains" of the
computer system. The CPU:

Carries out instructions and tells the rest of the


computer system what to do.

Performs arithmetic and logical calculations and


data manipulation.

11/14/22 20
 Holds data & instructions which are in current use.
Computer Memory
A

device that is used to store data/programs
temporarily.

RAM is the main 'working' memory used by the


computer. RAM is a volatile type of memory.

ROM is a special type of memory chip which


holds software/BIOS instruction. It is a non-
volatile memory area.
11/14/22 21
Computer Storage Devices

Any type of hardware that stores data permanently.

Hard Disks: used for permanent storage of data and


programs.

CDs & DVDs: CDs hold 700MB & DVDs (DVD-5


std can store 4.7 GB & DVD-10 std hold 9.4GB).

Removable Storage devices: are great for data


11/14/22 22
backup and moving files from place to place.
Software

A set of instruction that derives the computer to
operate.

There are many types of software, or programs.

11/14/22 23
Computer Software

11/14/22 24
System software

Operating System: an interface b/n hardware & user.

Utility Software: designed to help manage & adjust


the hardware & software by performing required
tasks.

Programming software: provides tools to assist a


programmer in writing computer programs &
software
11/14/22
using d/t programming languages in a more
25
convenient way.
Application software

Allows end users to accomplish one or more specific
tasks.

General Purpose application software: MS-Word,


MS-Excel, MS-Access

Special Purpose application software: application


programs that are designed particular to specialized
business and professions. E.g. SmartCare, Peachtree.
11/14/22 26
Types of Computers

Computers come in a variety of types designed
for d/t purposes, with d/t capabilities, power &
costs.

Commonly they are categorized into five groups.

Microcomputers, Workstation, Minicomputers,


Mainframes and Supercomputers.
11/14/22 27
I. Microcomputer

The smallest computer that has a microprocessor
chip as its CPU.

Microcomputers include:

Personal computers (PC): can access the Internet;


do document processing, spreadsheet calculations,
database management, photograph editing, and
playing music or games.
11/14/22 28

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA): is a handheld
microcomputer with very small size and minimal
power and a greater portability.

Palmtop Computer: uses very minimal power with


high portability and having with a flip-up screen
and small keyboard.
11/14/22 29
Workstations/Servers

Workstations contain ≥1 microprocessor & they may
be used by a single-user for applications requiring
higher processing capacity than a typical PC.

May be used as server computers that provide files


to client computers over a network.

Can also be used to handle the processing for many


users simultaneously.
11/14/22 30
Minicomputers

 A class of multi-user computer that is less
powerful than a mainframe computer but larger
than microcomputers.

They have been referred as midrange computers.

They are becoming obsolete nowadays.

11/14/22 31
Mainframe Computers

A large, powerful computer that handles the
processing of d/t applications for many users
simultaneously (up to several hundred users).

They are very expensive & are widely used in


situations where a company needs a high processing
power & large data storage in a centralized location.
11/14/22 32
Supercomputers

The most powerful computer that has been
optimized for exceptionally high speed and
processing power.

They are used for extremely calculation intensive


tasks such as quantum mechanical physics,
simulating nuclear bomb detonations, weather
forecasting and climate research.

11/14/22 33
How Computer
Memory is Measured?

Units of computer memory measurements
 1 Bit = Binary Digit  1024 TB = 1 Peta Byte (PB)

 8 Bits = 1 Byte  1024 PB = 1 Exa Byte (EB)

 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilo Byte (KB)  1024 EB = 1 Zetta Byte (ZB)

 1024 KB = 1 Mega Byte (MB)  1024 ZB = 1 Yotta Byte (YB)


 1024 MB = 1 Giga Byte (GB)  1024 YB = 1 Bronto Byte (BB)
 1024 GB = 1 Terra Byte (TB)  1024 BB = 1 Geop Byte
11/14/22 34

Geop Byte is the Highest Memory

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