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Periodic Classification of The Element - Lesson - 1

The document summarizes the historical development of periodic classification of elements from early attempts like Dobereiner's Law of Triads and Newlands' Law of Octaves to Mendeleev's periodic table. It then discusses the modern periodic table which is based on atomic number rather than atomic mass. The key points are: 1) Early scientists like Dobereiner and Newlands tried classifying elements but their systems did not work for all known elements. 2) Mendeleev arranged elements by atomic mass and predicted new elements, establishing the basis for the periodic table. 3) The modern periodic table arranges elements by atomic number, resolving issues with Mendeleev's table like isotope placement. It groups elements

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287 views15 pages

Periodic Classification of The Element - Lesson - 1

The document summarizes the historical development of periodic classification of elements from early attempts like Dobereiner's Law of Triads and Newlands' Law of Octaves to Mendeleev's periodic table. It then discusses the modern periodic table which is based on atomic number rather than atomic mass. The key points are: 1) Early scientists like Dobereiner and Newlands tried classifying elements but their systems did not work for all known elements. 2) Mendeleev arranged elements by atomic mass and predicted new elements, establishing the basis for the periodic table. 3) The modern periodic table arranges elements by atomic number, resolving issues with Mendeleev's table like isotope placement. It groups elements

Uploaded by

samson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Periodic Classification of the

Elements

1
Historical Development of the Periodic Classification
of the Elements
 There were several attempts to classify the elements on the basis of similarities in
properties.
 Scientists tried to classify the known elements to make their study easy.

 Law of Triads – Group of Three


 Law of Octaves – Groups of Eight
 Mendeleev’s Periodic Classification
 Modern Periodic Table

2
Law of Triads – Group of Three
 The first serious attempt to classify elements was made by the German scientist J.W.
Dobereiner in 1817.
 Dobereiner arranged similar elements in a group of three or triads in increasing order of
their atomic masses.
 Then, he observed that the atomic mass of the middle element is nearly equal to the
average atomic mass of the other two elements.

Example:

But, the law of triads was not satisfactory for all the elements known at that time.
3
Law of Octaves – Groups of Eight
 The next attempt came from the English chemist John Newlands in 1863. He
reported the law of octaves (law of eight).
 It states that when elements are arranged in increasing order of their atomic
masses the eighth element after a given element has similar properties to the first
one. He called this the law of octaves.

 But the law of octaves could be applied only for elements known at that time and
failed for elements beyond calcium. 4
Exercise
1. Based on the law of triads, predict the atomic mass of the middle element.

2. According to the above Newlands classification which elements do you think have
similar properties with:
a) Berylium (Be)? b) Carbon (C)? C) Sodium (Na)?

5
Mendeleev’s Periodic Classification
 The most successful attempt to classify elements was put forward by a Russian
chemist Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869.
 When he arranged the known 65 elements in order of increasing atomic masses, he
observed that elements with similar properties appeared at regular (periodic)
intervals. This is known as periodicity.
 An occurrence that is repeated in a regular way is said to be periodic.
 Mendeleev’s periodic law state that “the properties of elements are periodic
functions of their atomic masses”.
 According to his table when the elements are arranged in increasing order of their
atomic masses, there is a regular repetition in chemical and physical properties.
Therefore, elements with similar properties fall in the same group.

6
Part of Mendeleev’s periodic table

7
Mendeleev’s Periodic Classification
Contributions of Mendeleev’s Classification of Elements.
Mendeleev’s classification was a great improvement over Newland’s for two reasons.
 First, he grouped the elements more accurately based on their properties.
 Second, he was able to predict the existence and the properties of some elements
that had not yet been discovered at that time. Therefore he left gaps for these
elements.

Shortcomings of Mendeleev’s Classification


 Wrong order of the Atomic Masses of Some Elements
When certain elements are arranged according to their increasing atomic masses, similarity in the
chemical properties of the elements in a group is violated. For example, Ar with atomic mass of 39.9
comes first and K with atomic mass of 39.1 comes after it so that similarity of elements in a group is
realized.
 The Position of Isotopes in the Periodic Table
Isotopes could not be given separate places in Mendeleev’s periodic table. This observation led to the
conclusion that atomic mass cannot be the basis of the classification of elements.

8
Exercise
1. State Mendeleev’s periodic law.
2. How does Mendeleev’s periodic table differ from that of Newlands’?
3. What were the advantages of Mendeleev’s periodic table?
4. What were the shortcoming of Mendeleev’s periodic table?

9
Modern Periodic Table
 The Modern periodic law states that “the properties of the elements are periodic
functions of their atomic numbers”. In other words, if elements are arranged in the
order of increasing atomic numbers, elements having similar properties will fall in the
same column.

10
Structure of the Modern Periodic Table
 In the modern periodic table, the elements are classified in periods and groups.
Periods: The horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table are called periods. There
are seven periods in the modern periodic table. Each period contains a certain numbers
of elements.

Period numbers are represented by Arabic numerals, 1 to 7.


 Period 1 contains 2 elements, H and He
 Period 2 contains 8 elements, Li to Ne
 Period 3 contains 8 elements, Na to Ar
 Period 4 contains 18 elements, K to Kr
 Period 5 contains 18 elements, Rb to Xe
 Period 6 contains 32 elements, Cs to Rn
 Period 7 is incomplete, it starts with Fr.
In all the elements in a given period, electrons are filled in the same valence shell.
For example:
 the first period consists of hydrogen and helium, in which the K-shell (1st shell) is occupied,
 second period from lithium to neon, the L shell (2nd shell) is occupied,
 third period from sodium to argon the M-shell (3rd shell) is occupied by the valence electrons.
11
Modern Periodic Table

12
Structure of the Modern Periodic Table
 Groups: The vertical column of the elements in the periodic table are known as Groups or
Families. In the modern periodic table, there are 18 vertical columns or groups.
 Each group is usually represented by the Roman numerals, I to VIII followed by the letters A or B
 The “A” groups are designated with IA to VIIIA and referred to as the main groups or
representative elements.
 “A” group elements /main groups/: IA, IIA, IIIA ... VIIIA

 Note that the groups of elements can also be named using Arabic numerals from 1 to 18. This is a
more recent numbering system of groups 13
Structure of the Modern Periodic Table
 Some of the main groups of elements have common names or family names as given
in:

14
Exercise
1. Identify A group elements from the periodic table.
2. Identify B group elements from the periodic table.
3. How many elements are there in each of the columns in A group elements?
4. How many elements are there in period 4?

15

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