"CHAPTER 5“

GROUP MEMBERS;
DISCION, JAMAICA JELOUH R.
MARQUEZ, DANIELLA SHANE M.
REYES, NORRAINE
DESPABELADERAS, JENNY
SALAN, MARYJOY
 LESSON 5:
JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS

The principles of justice and fairness point to

ideas of fair treatment and "fair play" that should
govern all modes of exchange and interaction in a
society. They serve as guidelines for carrying out
justice. Not surprisingly, each of the principles of
justice and fairness can be applied in a variety of
contexts.
on american political philosopher of the
20th century. Rawls reject utilitarianism
and offers a number of arguments
againts such as theory. He argues that
ulitilitarian thinking cannot absolutely
exclude systems such as slavery or
racial segragation as there is nothing
in the moral theory to dismiss them
from consideration.
 1. Rawls Justice as fairness

Rawl's two principles of socia justice- often

called the liberty priciple that concers
political institutions.
.

JOHN RALW'S AND HIS " Each persons has the same
THEORY OF JUSTICE indefeasible claim to a fully adequate
scheme of equal basic liberties which
scheme is compatible with the same
scheme of liberties to all"
In A Theory of Justice John Rawls
provides a theory of social distribution
based on two principles. The Difference
Principle is the second principle which Rawls orders the principle of
states that any inequality that is permitted justice.
in society should only be permitted on the
basis that it benefits the least favoured in
society.
The greatest equal
principle takes priority
The equal opportunity
principle
the different principles
The "Thought Experiment" set up by Rawls that focused on society's
basic institutions. Rawls proposed that unless institutions such as
the constitutions, economy, education system that functioned in a
just way for all.
Rawls revived the concept of 'social contract' developed by
philosophers John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau had
theorized that people in distant past had fashioned a social contract
between themselves and leader.
 The "thought experiment " was not a real assembly of real people,
negotiating over a contract. It was just an imagined gathering held under
conditions that allowed persons to deliberate, by employing their reason
and logic.
Rawls added a condition to assure that the choice of social justice
principles would truly be unbiased. The individuals had to pick their
justice principles under a "veil of ignorance" means that these persons
would know nothing about their specific positions in society.Under the
'veil ignorance' these fictional persons would not know their own sex,
age, race, social class,abilities,preferences,religions,life goals,and
anything about themselves. So Rawls set up his 'thought experiment
'with many given systems of social justice principles from which the
imaginary participants would select for their own society.
Rawls argued that national being would pick four things,
which he called the 'primary goods’

1.wealth and income

2.rights and liberties
3. opportunities for advancement and
4. self-respect.
 The following are the common
types of distributive norms
3. Distributive Justice
(distributive justice)
Rawls' 'Justice as
A. Equity: Members' outcomes
Fairness' principles is
should be based upon their
an example of a
inputs. Therefore, an individual
social justice concept
who has invested a large
called distributive
amount of input (e.g. time,
justice. This concept
money, energy) should receive
basically concerns the
more from the group than
nature of a socially
someone who has contributed
just allocation of
very little. Members of large
goods in a society.
groups prefer to base allocations
of rewards and costs on equity.
B. Equality: Regardless of their inputs, all group
members should be given an equal share of the
rewards/costs. Equality supports that someone who
contributes 20% of the group's resources should
receive as much as someone who contributes 60%.
C. Power: Those with more authority, status, or control over
the group should receive more than those in lower level
positions.
D. Need: Those in greatest needs should be
provided with resources needed to meet those
needs. These individuals should be given more
resources than those who already possess them,
regardless of their input.
 E. Responsibility: Group members who have the
most should share their resources with those
who have less.

Various socio-economic-political theories have differentiated,

but somewhere related, view of distributive justice:

3.1 EGALITARIAN. Egalitarianism is a set of closely

related socio-economic-political theories that without
exemption promote the proposition that all society
3.2 CAPITALIST. Laissez-faire capitalist distributive justice is
when people, businesses, and corporations perform based on
their individual self-interest for their own benefit. The principal role
of government is to allow a free and fair market system, as well
as to protect persons, businesses, and corporations from taking
the benefits of their actions appropriated by others.

3.3 SOCIALIST. State socialist distributive justice is a system

where the government or a central authority controls the
production of goods and services. From 1918 to 1989, the former
Soviet Union practiced this state socialism. India also illustrated
this system from independence from the British in 1947 to the
early 1990s.
4. STATE AND CITIZENS RESPONSIBILITY
Taxation and Inclusive Growth. Taxation is a means by
which the state and its citizens accomplish their
responsibilities to each other. By definition, taxation is a
means by which states or governments finance their
expenditure, basically and ideally for constituents, by
imposing charges on them and corporate entities.
Government expenditures fundamentally involve social
welfare programs for citizens.
Democratic socialism works hand-in-hand with capitalism, free
markets, and private property. The system requires paying high
taxes to help pay for a wide range of state-funded social services,
such as free universal health care, free education through college,
state pensions, extensive unemployment benefits, more vacation
days, and substantial benefits for mothers and children.
and social welfare programs are related to another concept
called inclusive growth. Inclusive growth is "economic
growth that creates opportunity for all segments of the
population and distributes the dividends of increased
prosperity, both in monetary and non-monetary terms, fairly
across society
In many (capitalist) countries, it is said that people have
not seen their incomes rise for many years. The gap
between rich and poor has enlarged, with those at the top
seizing the 'lion's share' of growth. Increasing inequality in
earnings and in wealth is thus a major concern in many
countries. Concerning inclusive growth, there have been
constant allegations on capitalism

that its growth is not trickled down to everybody.

Some economists thus argue that democratic
socialism, not capitalism, could really result into
inclusive growth.
 LESSON 1:
GLOBALIZATION AND PLURALISM: NEW
CHALLENGES TO ETHICS

Globe from the collection of separate communities

interacting frequently multi faceted community,
politically economically, and culturally across the
world now functioning. The transitional relations
made possible by globalizing forces and
processes opened up new forms of social bounds
and responsibilities.
In a globalized era, across the world have become culturally
connected the distinction between the global and local has
become progressively blurred and actions and events in one
locally with it the potential breed transnational and
transgenerational impacts. It is precisely reasons that moral
reflection about responsibility and obligations in a globalized
age to become an imperative.

The lesson ethical challenges and problems brought about by

globalization and addition to various theories in ethics and in
this lecture another ideology, called pluralism which has
arisen in the age of globalization.
 1.1 MORAL PLURALISM:
1. PLURALISM
value moral pluralism is the
As a philosophical doctrine,
idea that there can be
Pluralism is a concept used in
conflicting morals views or
many devices ways.
respect. Some values which
Philosophical theory that there is
equally correct of
more than one basic substance
fundamental, moral pluralism
principles. The constitution of the
proposes that in many cases
universe of the mind, body and
incompatible values may be
the sources of truth the basis of
incommensurable. There is
morality discussion more
no objective them in terms of
concerned with the moral
importance.
pluralism.
Russian-British social and political
theorist, philosopher and historian of
idea isiah bertin (1909-1997) been
prominent in the thought of the
German sociologist and philosopher
Max Weber (1864-1920)
Moral pluralism seems to advocate flexibility
with competing perspective. An example of
value-pluralism he moral life of a nun is
incompatible ethical decisions frequently
necessitate radical preferences with no
rational calculus to decide which alternative
is to be chosen.
1.2 AGAINST MORAL PLURALISM:
first glance to be flawless and
attractive, immune to valid critisms
philosophically analyzed pluralism
when to more values of theories
inconsistent practical imperatives.

Moral pluralism ethically irresponsible

moral impotent, it gives us no moral
standard, and offers us no moral
power. Moral pluralism leaves us
either concluding
a. There is no real solution to ethical dilemmas

b. All possible answers are acceptable as they

have underlying fundamental values.
Moral pluralists ignore the fact that values are
indeed commensurable concerning the ends of
freedom, equality, efficiency, creativity, and the
like for instance, valued for their consequence,
moral pluralists fail to prove that the problem of
conflicting values is in principle insoluble
2. GLOBALIZATION
Defined as the world-wide integration of
government policies, cultures, social
movements, and financial markets through
trade and exchange of ideas.

The British sociologist Anthony Giddens

defines it as "intensification of worldwide
relationships which link distant localities in
such a way that local happenings are
shaped by events occurring many miles
away and vice versa" (as quoted in
"Globalization." n.d.).
Globalization emphasizes the increasing
trans-border or transnational relations,
which are occurring in the contemporary
world. Globalization, in effect, restructures
our social space or geography from one
that is mainly territorial to one that is
increasingly transnational.
Globalization is said to have begun
after World War II but has
accelerated since the mid 1980’S
driven by two factors.
1. The technological advances that have reduced the cost of
transportation, communication, and computation to the degree
that it has become economically viable for a firm to a place
different phase of production in various countries.

2. the business escalating liberalization of trade and capital

markets. More and more governments are declining to protect
their economies from foreign competition or influence through

• import tariffs and non-tariff obstacles.

• Import quotas
• Legal prohibition
• Export restraints.
 Many international institutions founded after World War
II, such as the World Bank, international Monetary
Fund (IMF), and General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT) (succeeded in 1995 by the World Trade
Organization) have played a crucial role in endorsing
free trade in place of protectionism.

2.1 SOME PROBLEM WITH GLOBALIZATION

Author Gail Tverberg who wrote the "Twelve Reasons Why
Globalization is a Huge Problem" (Tverberg, 2013):
enumerates some reasons why globalization is not living to
what was ideally expected of it.
A. Globalization uses up finite resources more
quickly.
B. Globalization increases world carbon dioxide
emissions.
C. Globalization makes it virtually impossible for
regulators in one country to foresee the
worldwide implications of their actions.
D. Globalization acts to Increase world oil
prices.
E. Globalization transfers consumption of
limited oil supply from developed countries to
developing countries.
F. Globalization transfers jobs from developed
•. G. globalization transfers investment spending from
developed countries to less developed countries
H. With the dollar as the world's reserve currency,
globalization leads to huge US balance of trade deficits and
other imbalances.
• I. Globalization tends to move taxation away from
corporations, and onto individual citizens
• J. Globalization sets up a currency "race to the bottom,"
with each country trying to get an export advantage by
dropping the value of its currency
• K. Globalization encourages dependence on other
countries for essential goods and services.
• L. Globalization ties countries together, so that if one
country collapses, the collapse is likely to ripple through
the system, pulling many other countries with it.
2.2 ETHICAL CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION
One criticism against the presently unfolding neoliberal
globalization is that it concentrates wealth in the hands of a
few, leaving the majority in the condition of poverty. While
advocates of globalization paint a pretty picture of a
globalized world marked by the spread of liberal democracy,
prosperity, and peace, globalization has actually caused
radical inequality, a deepening of exclusions brought about by
inequalities that present the world to be a fragmented space
where some benefit at the expense of others. Critics thus
describe globalization as a process driven by progressive
capitalist countries to perpetuate their economic and political
domination
Consequentialist: Fail to maximize happiness for the
greatest number of people.
Deontological: Exploited populations are treated as
means to an end and not as end in themselves.

Another problem with globalization is that states are in

effect increasingly losing their sovereignty in a globalized
world, organizations such as the International Monetary
Fund (IMF), World Bank, and World Trade Organization
(WTO) virtually take over their traditional functions.
The World Bank and the IMF: Currency devaluation, subsidy removal, and the
privatization of strategic public. The disastrous repercussion of this is that
elected indigenous leaders cede their Prerogative over economic
management to unelected officials of international organizations.

Ecologically speaking, another moral challenge arising out of globalization is

the problem of handling the global environment in order to prevent a global
ecological collapse, a scene that threatens humanity with the threat of
annihilation.

These involve anthropogenic greenhouse effect that is supposedly generating

global climate change, commonly known as global warming. There is also the
challenge of ozone layer depletion, which progressively extinguishes the
protective blanket that shields the world’s population from unsafe ultraviolet
rays being discharged from the sun. The global biosphere is also
encountering a speedy reduction in the diversity of ecosystems, in the number
of species of life, and in the variety of genes that circulate within individual
species.
These environmental problems Global environmental
essentially elucidate the idea of considerations form the need for
transnational harm and the international environmental ethics
interdependent condition of which is an aspect form that ethics.
human existence in the 21st The use of the global commons or
century primarily due to environment ought to be controlled
globalization. Industrial by international regulations.
capitalism, an essential partner Sensibly, the regulation of the
of globalization, is chiefly global commons should be based
responsible for the damage of on sound ethical principles. One of
the ozone layer and the the ethical and sound ideologies,
escalation of global warming, concerning environmental
two major environmental protection is the so-called "Human-
problems today. Environment Systems:
2.3 GLOBALIZATION AND BUSINESS ETHICS
business ethics is a form of applied ethics that examines
moral principles concerning business environment
involving issues about corporate practices, policies,
business behaviors, and the conducts and relationships
of individuals in the organizations.
Globalization has made the world a global village. Although
businesses grew and the globalized environment has
provided more markets and numerous opportunities, but
with it also came various ethical issues
• Duplication of products
• Child labor
• Money laundering
• Environment issues
• Many other business malpractices
Focusing on child labor it is said that globalization paved the
way for the existence of this controversial business practice.
Like other ethical issues (such as homosexuality), the child
labor issue is taken differently in different nations. In Europe,
it is seen as an unethical activity whereas in Asian countries,
it is somewhat tolerated. In many countries, like India, where
poverty is high, children in a family after a certain age start
working to contribute to family income.
 Globalization as a new
The international company,
challenge to ethics thus
Nike in its Vietnamese
requires. (Business ethics and
factory employs children. The
environmental ethics) as part of
main reason for employing is
company’s strategic business
that it reduces the cost of
programs and alliances.
production line. In many
Moreover, it mandates top
cases, the practice resulted
managements to establish clear
in legal conflicts and loss of
policies that encourage ethical
custom for being seen as
behavior.
immoral.
3. SEARCH FOR THE UNIVERSAL VALUE

• global interdependence
• interconnection.

Social scientists and philosophers suggest that the

time has come for the world to develop a global ethic,
that is, a set of universally accepted principles that
could provide the foundation for regulating global
interactions
A set of shared ethical values and standards in central of
cohesion of society and for global justice and peace.
shared set of moral values and principles will make for
peace and harmony at the global level. The philosophical
challenge however is that it seems improbable to
ascertain normative principles that will be persuasive
across cultures. Notwithstanding, in spite of these ethical
variations across various cultures, it is still very much
possible that basic and fundamental values hold for every
society. Developing universally acceptable principles, i.e.,
global ethics for administering transnational interactions, is
possible, for instance, through the process of intercultural
dialogue
In a globalizing world, it is prudent, for example, to
advocate universal cultural values such as truth,
justice, and love. Situations today also ideally call for
working in favor of a universal spirit of fraternity, a
solidary altruistic spirit, a decided and generous will,
and the universal will to live in peace.
 LESSON 2:
CHALLENGES OF FILINNIALS AND
MILLENNIALS

Millennials, also known as 'Generation Y' or the

'Net Generation, are the demographic cohort
directly following Generation X. There are no exact
dates for when this cohort starts and ends,
although demographers and researchers normally
use the late 1970s to early 1980s as starting birth
years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending
birth years.
 Gen Z, iGen, or
1. MILLENNIALS AND Centennials: Born 1996
FILINNIALS and later
The Center for Millennials or Gen Y:
Generational Kinetics Born 1977 to 1995
mentions five generations Generation X: Born
that presently make up 1965 to 1976
our society and specifies Baby Boomers: Born
birth years for each 1946 to 1964
generation as follows ("An Traditionalists or Silent
Intro to Generations," Generation: Born 1945
n.d.) and before
Millennials are generally the children of
baby boomers and older Gen Xers.
Filinnials is a term used to denote the
Filipino Millennials.
Millennials came of age in a time where
the entertainment industry started to be
significantly influenced by the Internet.
Being the most ethnically and racially
varied compared to the generations
older than they are, millennials
nonetheless are seem to be the most
educated.
2. ETHICAL OUTLOOK AND Generation Y members are
CULTURAL IDENTITY very upbeat and more open to
Millennials are also labeled as change than older,
the 'Boomerang Generation' or generations. Based on a
'Peter Pan generation," survey by the Pew Research
because of their perceived Center in 2008, Millennials
tendency for delaying some are "the most likely of any
rites of passage into adulthood generation to self-identify as
for longer periods than most liberals and are also more
generations before them and supportive of progressive
for living with their parents for domestic social agenda than
longer periods than previous older generations"
generations. ("Millennials," n.d.).
Concerning beliefs on A sampling of other findings reveals the
ethical issues, most following (Grossman, n.d.):
millennials of every religion, A. One-quarter of millennials say that
race, and ethnicity support marriage has become old-fashioned and
access to affordable out of date, while 71 percent disagree.
contraception according to B. Millennials fall into a four-way split on
a study (Grossman, n.d.). "pro-life" and While 25 percent say they
"And 56 percent of people are exclusively "pro-life" and 27 percent
ages 18 to 35 say that in say they're "pro-choice," 22 percent
some situations, choosing rebuff both labels and nearly 27 percent
to have abortion "is the say that both labels describe them
most responsible decision equally well.
that a woman can make" C. 7 percent of millennials identify either
(Grossman, n.d.). as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or
transgender.
3. WORK ETHICS
It is said that whereas Boomers are
hardworking, idealistic, and committed
to harmony and Gen Xers are e
entrepreneurial, flexible, and self-reliant,
and comfortable with technology, on the
other hand, Millennials are tech-savvy,
appreciative of diversity, and skilled in
multitasking (Verschoor, n.d.).
One study concerning generational analysis reveals relatively high
percentages of Millennials who consider some behaviors in the
workplace to be ethical, including (Verschoor, n.d.):
a. Using social networking to find out about the company's
competitors - 37 percent
b. "Friending" a client or customer on a social network - 36
percent
c. Uploading personal photos on a company network - 26 percent
d. Keeping copies of confidential documents - 22 percent
e. Working less to compensate for cuts in benefits or pay - 18
percent
f. Buying personal items using a company credit card - 15 percent
g. Blogging or tweeting negatively about a company - 14 percent
h. Taking a copy of work software home for personal use - 13
4. INDIVIDUALISM Millennials' individualism
Millennials are habitually nonetheless also reflects in
painted as the entitled, their moral outlook. One
selfie-snapping generation. study reveals that their
They are said to be a class generation views morality as
of self-centered and self- personal and subjective,
absorbed 20-somethings. based on feeling, and
Some however, defend nontransferable to others
them by explaining that (Fitzgerald, n.d.). In other
millennials just have more words, for them, morality is a
time to be themselves. personal matter.
Millennials expect close relationships and frequent
feedback from supervisors. They typically associate job
satisfaction with free flow of information, strong
connectivity to supervisors, and more immediate
feedback.
 There are some
5. CONFLICT WITH generalizations about Baby
PARENTS Boomers and the Millennials
Millennials are generally that are more grounded in
the children of Baby fact. The Pew Research
Boomers (and older Gen Center made public opinion
Xers). There is now a surveys and demographic
common observation that data which reveal some of the
Millennials are often in contrasts between the two
conflict with Baby Boomers. generations. The following are
For one thing, Millennials some of the major differences
are seen by Baby Boomers between Baby Boomers and
as somewhat greedy, self- Millennials ("Differences
absorbed, and wasteful. Between Boomers and
Millennials," n.d.).
The widespread use of social networking appears to pose
challenges, as substantial numbers of Millennials post
questionable information on their personal social
networking sites, including the following (Verschoor, n.d.):
a. Feelings about their jobs- 40 percent
b. Bad joke told by the boss - 26 percent
c. Work on a project - 26 percent
d. Picture of a coworker drinking-22 percent e. Annoying
habit of a coworker-20 percent
f. Information about the company's competitors - 19
percent
g. Opinion about a coworker's politics - 16 percent
Interestingly though, the same study shows that
 a. Millennials are more progressive on social
issues. According to Pew Research, Baby
Boomers oppose gay marriage by a thin
margin, whereas a solid majority (68 percent)
of millennials support this form of marriage.
An equal number support the legalization of
marijuana.

b. Millennials are hesitant to identify themselves with a

political party. In the U.S., half of millennials say they
are Independents, compared to 27 percent confessed
to be Democrats and 17 percent as Republicans. Some
70 percent approved of President Obama when he was
first elected in the highest office, but that support has
weakened to about 50 percent.
 d. Millennials are reluctant to get
married. More interestingly, when
c. Millennials are less millennials get married, they are more
wealthy, Millennial likely to marry someone of a different
generation is the first in race. Back in the 1960s, "less than 3
U.S. history to come percent of marriages were between
into adulthood in worse people of different races or
economic shape than ethnicities. Today, it's 15 percent.
their parents. The More than a quarter of Asians and
unemployment rate for Hispanics marry outside their
them is higher than it ethnicity, as do one out of six African
was for their parents at Americans and 10 percent of whites.
the same age, and they Half of millennials say intermarriage
have higher student is a good thing for society, compared
debt. with a third of boomers" ("Differences
Between Boomers and Millennials,"
n.d.).
e. More millennials live at home than their
parents (Baby Boomers) did at the same age.
In the U.S., more than a fifth (22 percent) of
households presently have two or more adult
generations living under the same roof, a
level not seen since the end of World War II.
 SECULARISM is
6. SECULARISM AND
basically a non-theistic
HUMANISM
belief system or a
Millennials are less openly
worldview which does
religious than the older
not acknowledge
generations. About one in
supernatural or divine
four Millennials are
views of reality. As
unaffiliated with any religion,
such, it includes
which is much more than the
atheism, agnosticism,
older generations when they
naturalism, materialism,
were the ages of Millennials
scientism, Darwinism,
("Millennials," n.d.).
and other ideologies
Especially in dealing with
that reject all spiritual
morality, Millennials are
explanations of the
more likely to advocate
world.
secularism and humanism.
HUMANISM is a system of thought which gives
emphasis to the value of human beings and favors
man's thought over faith or religious doctrine.
Originally, the term refers to Renaissance cultural and
intellectual movement featuring the rediscovery of the
arts and philosophies of ancient Greeks and Romans.
The word "humanist" is derived from the olden Italian
term umanista which pertains to a teacher or scholar of
classical Greek and Latin literature.
Though humanism does not necessarily imply non-
theism, before 1800, it began to refer to beliefs
centered on humanity without attention to any
concepts of the supernatural. Especially nowadays,
humanism has become essentially synonymous with
secularism. It proposes, among others, that the
universe is a natural phenomenon without
supernatural aspect, that this earthly life is the only
life we have, and in the absence of an afterlife and
any pre-determined purpose to the universe, we can
act to give meaning to our respective lives by seeking
happiness in this life and helping others to do the
same.
As an ethical perspective, humanism refers to a
belief in human-based morality. Rejecting any
supernatural authority, it submits that we can live
ethical and fulfilling lives by placing human well-
being, interests, and happiness at the center of
our moral decision making.
6.1 HUMAN EXPERIENCE AS MORAL BASIS. Secular
humanism explains that moral rules are derived from
human experience. For instance, it claims that we do not
have to be religious to realize that to live in peace and
happiness, we must not assault each other. Through
experience, its adherents explain, we understand that
though we may want to assault, we do not want to be
assaulted. Even if sometimes we are tempted to steal,
yet we do not want to be stolen from. And although at
times we are enticed to kill, yet we do not want to be
murdered.
 To prove this view, they point to
6.2 HUMAN NEED AND things which we hate: we hate
REASON. to bleed, to be wounded, to be
Secular humanists admit killed, and to be stolen from. It
that Ethics is conventional, is claimed that we make our
but it has a natural basis. laws, using our reason, by
For them, its natural basis considering these things. Thus,
is not the so-called natural it is submitted that the natural
law, nor some law written basis of morality are the
in man's heart or in universal human needs such
Scriptures. The natural as the need for security, safety,
basis of ethics, they love, and by extension, the
assert, is none less than need to secure our families and
human need and human teach our children to fulfill their
reason. potentials.
6.3 AN ANALYSIS OF
SECULARISM AND However, advocating
HUMANISM. By removing this view amounts to
God in the picture, secularism proposing that objective
and humanism, in effect, right and wrong does
affirm that the rules of morality not exist at all.
were just fabricated by human Subscribing to
beings using human nature as secularism and
the basis of this fabrication. As humanism, it is
their proponents inevitably impossible to really
admit, morality is conventional condemn maltreatment,
having human need, cruelty, or corruption as
experience, and reason as morally wrong
natural foundations.
 Lesson 3:
THE ROLE OF RELIGION IN ETHICS RELIGIOUS
ETHICS

Religious ethics concerns beliefs and practices of what

is good or bad, right or wrong. Virtuous or vicious, from
a religious point of view. A Christian ethic, for instance,
may be based on the radical teachings of the religious
leader Jesus Christ about loving one’s neighbor, being
a good Samaritan, loving one’s enemies, being guided
by the Father’s will and the like.
 A religion is also viewed as “an
organized collection of beliefs,
1. RELIGION AND ETHICS cultural systems, and worldviews
that relate humanity to an order
• Ethics is defined as a system of existence” (“Religion,” n.d.).
of moral principles which affect Many religions possess holy
how people make decisions scriptures, narratives, or sacred
and lead their lives. accounts that aim to explain the
• Religion is defined as origin and meaning of life and the
“people’s beliefs and opinions universe. From the religions’
concerning the existence, beliefs about the cosmos and
nature, and worship of a deity human nature, adherents usually
or deities, and divine draw religious laws, an ideal way
involvement in the universe and of living, and detailed rules of
human life” (“Religion,” 2009). ethical or moral conduct.
The difference between religion and ethics is
about the disparity between revelation and
reason. Religion is based on the idea that God (or
some deity) reveals insights about life and its
meaning.

From a strictly humanistic perspective, ethics, on

the other hand, is based on the tenets of reason.
That is, anything that is not rationally provable
cannot be deemed justify.
2. RELIGIONS ROLE IN ETHICS
Ethics believe that religion is necessary morality as
an integral part of human life, especially in a
globalized world. University of Tennessee, Knoxville
(UTK)

To found a morality apart from religion

are like the attempts of children. Without
religion there can be no Reak, sincere
morality, just as without roots there can
be no real flower.
For those who believe that morality is a valuable
human institution, and those who wish to avoid
moral disaster, should make every effort to
preserve its connection with the true religion and
the sound religion belief that forms its roots.
Support for this claim can be found both among
sympathetic to many of things religion and
surprisingly enough, with little or no sympathy for
religion.
Basil Willey, a religionist, calls
for urgent action to re-unite 3.1 Can justify Moral
religion and ethics. He holds Values- Just postulate
that there has been a good moral
progressive de- principles,only a theistic
Christianization during the view can justify them.
last three or four centuries,
the outcome of which “ is a. morality is grounded of the
what we see around us in the unchangeable nature of a
world today the moral and perfect being(God)
spiritual nihilism of the
modern world, particularly of
the totalitarian creeds”
b.everything is relative,
there is no good reason c.all persons held morally
why anyone Ough to accountable for their
obtains from doing anything actions in the real sense,
including rape, murder, and make moral choices,
unreasonable decisions are not just
maltreatment. They cannot empty and meaningless,
do nevertheless to justify gestures, rather our moral
this belief . And according lives ultimately have a
to their system, there is no paramount significance.
real ground for such a
conviction.
d. only in the ethics rooted in a Moral Law-Giver truly
prescriptive in any objectives sense of the world. To
prove it belief that theses acts are wrong.

3.2 Can explain Moral Accountability Ethical

supernaturalism, compared to its non-theist counterparts, to
be a better ethical system in terms of explaining moral.
“binding force” and “ overriding character” these are
attributed to God or Supernatural being who believed to be
man’s creator.
 Moral responsibility is connected to God. The
compound of a Latin re and Ligare meaning to
“bind back” this bonds involves the feeling of
being morally obligated to live up to some
moral laws that press down on everyone which
express God’s will and nature.
Morality is believed to be “something above and
beyond the ordinary facts of men’s behavior, and
yet quite definitley real- a real law, which one of
us made, but which we find pressing on us”
(Lewis, 1943)
3.3 No Real Accountability in
Non theism with reference Moral accountability in the
to theism we can say that philosophy of secularism
there is no real moral reduces virtues, like of
accountability for one’s compassion and self sacrifice,
actions in non-theistic t hollow abstractions.
ideologies. In naturalism or Secularism, therefore. Fails to
secularism. Which accounts match them in supplying this
for the ultimate justice will be necessary element for a
given in this aspects. Theism sound moral foundation.
is extensively plausible and
better that it’s non-theistic
counterparts.
3.4 The Euthyphro Dilemma. Euthyphro's
dilemma is a famous philosophical question
first posited by a character, called Euthyphro,
in Plato's 'socratic dialogue' on goodness.
The question is : is a thing good because
God says it is good? Or does God say it's
good because it is good?
Good desires moral things Good and
bad and Defendents on God’s will—and
thus moral theism is incorrect
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