POWER AND ENERGY

 Power and energy is too frequently

interchangeably used. Power is the technical
term for the common word work, and the Work,
is the product of Power and Time expressed in
the following equation:
Energy or Work = Power x Time
WHAT IS POWER?
Power is the rate at which energy is used or
alternatively, the rate at which work is done.
Since energy and power is synonymous,
power implies continuity. That is, the use of
energy at particular rate over a given span of
time. The concept of power involves time at
the rate at which work is done. Thus,
multiplying power by time gives energy.
James Watt, who did quite a bit of work on
steam engines back in the 1700’s needed away
to measure their output. Watt a common
reference, the horse, as the basis for this
calculations (like the inch was based on the
width of a man’s thumb).
 Horse is one measure power . All of those formulas
and conversions are different ways of saying how
much work are being done, which is exactly what
power is. Power is work done over time.
Power (P) is exactly equal to current (I)
multiplied by voltage (V). When using this
formula, the unit of measurement for power is
the Watt, abbreviated with the letter “W”.
 Itmust be understood that neither voltage nor current
by themselves constitute power. Rather, power is the
combination of both voltage and current in the circuit.
Remember that voltage is the specific work ( or
potential energy ) or it is the ability of electric charge
to do work in moving another charge measure in volt
units.
 While the current is the rate of which electric charges
move through a conductor. voltage (specific work) is
analogous to the work done in lifting a weight against
the pull of gravity. Current (rate) is analogous to the
speed at which that weight is lifted. Together as a
product (multiplication), voltage (work) and current
(rate) constitute power. One watt is one joule per
second.
 whether we measure the power in the unit of “ horse
power” or the unit of Watt where still talking about the
same thing : how much work can be done in a given
amount of time. The two units are not numerically equal,
but they express the same kind of thing.
 These two units of power are related to each other by a
simple conversion formula:
1 HP = 746 Watts
1 watt = 1 joule / second
P = V x I (watts or W )
 EXAMPLE

 A heater is rated 220 v and current of 2A. What is its

power in watts?
 An elevator motor is rated at 230 volts and 32.44A what
is its equivalent HP?
 A half watt is equal to how many milliwatts?
 POWER DISSIPATION IN RESISTANCE
 When current flows in a resistance, heat is produced
because friction between the moving free electrons and
atoms obstructs the path of electron flow. The heat is
evidence that power is used in producing current. This is
how a fuse opens, as heat resulting from excessive
current melts the metal link in the fuse.
 Since the power is dissipated in the resistance of the
circuit , it is convenient to express the power in terms of
resistance R. The formula P = VxI can be rearranged as
follows:
 Substituting IR for V
P = V x I = IR x I
P= I
This is the common form of the power formula
because of the heat produced by current in a
resistance.
 EXAMPLE
 Calculate the power in a circuit where the source of 100
V produces 2 A in a 50 Ω.
WHAT IS ENERGY?
 Energy is synonymous with Fuel. It is associated
with work. Energy can be expressed in gallons,
liters, barrels or tons of oil, coal, kilowatt hour
or consumed electricity and cost of operations.
 Energy is expressed in units of BTU (calories),
foot pound (joules) or kilowatt hour.
Under the English Unit System, the unit of power is
expressed in horse power, BTU per hour, watt and
kilowatt. Under the metric system it is expressed as
joules per second, calories per second, watts and
kilowatts.
POWER IN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
 The measuring unit of electric power is the Watt. When
multiplied by 100, the product is called Kilowatt. Thus, 1,000
watts is one Kilowatt.
 Power has several forms:
 An electric motor produces mechanical power that is measure in
terms of horsepower.
 An electric heater produces heat or thermal power.
 Light bulb produces both heat and light that is measured in terms of
candle power.
 Watt is the power term. It measure of the power consumed. The
power input to any electrical device having a resistance R with
the current I is expressed in the following equations:
Watt = I2 x R
By ohm’s law:
V = IR
Since W = I2 x R
W = VI
Where:
W is in Watts
R is in Ohms
I in Amperes
V in volts
ILLUSTRATION
 A mercury lamp having a hot resistance of 50 ohms, is
connected to a socket with 240V current supply.
 A. how much current, flows through the lamp?
 B. Calculate the power drawn.
SOLUTION
V 240
 I=
R; I= 50 I = 4.8 Amperes
ILLUSTRATION
 A water heater draws 10 amperes at 240 volts current supply.
Determine its heat resistance.
Solution
R=V
I
R = 240
10
R = 24 Ohms
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
 - A toaster takes 10 A from 120 V power line, How much
power is used?
 - How much current flows in the filament of a 300W
bulb connected to the 120 V power line?
 - How much current flows in the filament of a 60W bulb
connected to the convenience outlet?
ENERGY CALCULATIONS
 Determine the monthly energy consumption of the
following appliances:

Appliances Load Daily Used

Electronic Iron 1,200 2 hours
Water Heater 1,000 3 hours
Toaster 2,300 30 minutes
 SOLUTION:
 Electric Iron 1,200 w = 1.2 kw . x 2 hrs = 2.4 kwh
 Water Heater 1,000 w= 1.0 kw. x 3 hrs. = 3 kwh

 Toaster 2,300 w= 2.3 kw. x 0.5 hrs. = .1.15kwh

Total…………… 6.55 kwh
 If the average cost of energy (not power) is P5.00 per kwh., for
30 days consumption, multiply:

30 x 6.55 = 196.5 kwh. per month

x 5.00
Total Cost… P 982.5