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Moving Charges & Magnetism CH4 Part 2

1) Ampere's circuital law states that the line integral of the magnetic field B around any closed loop is equal to the permeability constant μ0 times the net current I through the enclosed area. 2) The magnetic field B at a point due to an infinitely long straight current-carrying wire is given by B = μ0I/2πr, where r is the perpendicular distance from the wire. 3) The magnetic field inside a long straight solenoid and inside a toroidal solenoid is given by B = μ0NI/L, where N is the number of turns and L is the length of the path.

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63 views9 pages

Moving Charges & Magnetism CH4 Part 2

1) Ampere's circuital law states that the line integral of the magnetic field B around any closed loop is equal to the permeability constant μ0 times the net current I through the enclosed area. 2) The magnetic field B at a point due to an infinitely long straight current-carrying wire is given by B = μ0I/2πr, where r is the perpendicular distance from the wire. 3) The magnetic field inside a long straight solenoid and inside a toroidal solenoid is given by B = μ0NI/L, where N is the number of turns and L is the length of the path.

Uploaded by

Rishab Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MOVING CHARGES

AND
MAGNETISM
(PART 2)
Ampere’s Circuital Law:
The line integral ∫ B . dl for a closed loop is equal to µ0 times the net current I
threading through the area bounded by the loop.
I B
∫ B . dl = µ0I dl
B r
I O

Proof:
Current is emerging
out and the magnetic
∫ B . dl = ∫ B dl cos 0° field is anticlockwise.

∫ dl
= ∫ B dl = B
= B (2πr) = ( µ0I / 2πr) x 2π r (∵B = µ0I / 2πr for an infinitely long wire)

∫ B . dl = µ0 I
Hence proved.
APPLICATIONS OF
AMPERE’S CIRCUITAL LAW
Magnetic Field at a point due to an Infinitely Long Current Carrying Conductor

I
B
P B dl

r
I O

From Ampere’s circuital law,


Current is emerging
out and the magnetic
∫ B . dl = ∫ B dl cos 0° field is anticlockwise.

∫ dl
∫ B(2πr)
== B dl = B

But ∫ B . dl = µ0I

B(2πr) = µ0I

Hence B = µ0I / (2πr)


Magnetic Field at the centre of a Straight Solenoid
S a R
B

P a Q

x x x x x x x

I (where I 0 is the net current


I
threading through the solenoid)
∫ B . dl = µ 0I 0
∫ B . dl = PQ∫ B . dl + QR∫ B . dl + RS∫ B . dl + SP∫ B . dl
= ∫ B . dl cos 0° + ∫ B . dl cos 90° + ∫ 0 . dl cos 0° + ∫ B . dl cos
90° But µ0 I0 = µ0 n a I B = µ0 n I
= B ∫ dl = B.a
(where n is no. of turns per unit length, a is the length of the path and I is the current passing
through the lead of the solenoid)
At the ends of the solenoid, B = µ0 n I/2
Magnetic Field due to Toroidal Solenoid (Toroid)
The toroid is a hollow circular ring on which a large number of turns
of a wire are closely wound. It can be viewed as a solenoid which
has been bent into a circular shape to close on itself.
• Three circular Amperian loops 1, 2 and 3 are
shown by dashed lines. By symmetry, the magnetic field
should be tangential to each of them and constant in magnitude
for a given loop.

 Let the magnetic field along loop 1 be B1 in magnitude.


L for loop 1 = 2πr1 & the loop encloses no current.
Hence Ie = 0. Thus, B1 (2πr1) = µ0(0) = 0
Thus, the magnetic field at any point P in the open space inside the toroid is zero.

 Let the magnetic field along loop 3 be B3


L for loop 2 = 2 π r3. But the current coming out of the plane of the paper is cancelled exactly by the
current going into it. Thus, Ie= 0, and B3 = 0.

 Let the magnetic field inside the solenoid at S (along loop 2) be B.


L for loop 2 = 2π r. The current enclosed Ie is N I (for N turns of toroidal coil) .
B (2πr) = µ0NI
B = µ0NI/(2πr)
If r be the average radius of the toroid and n be the number of turns per unit length, then N = 2πrn
Forces between two parallel infinitely long current-carrying conductors:

Magnetic Field on RS due to current in PQ is Q S

B = µ0 I1 (in magnitude)
1
2π r
Force acting on RS due to current I2 through it is I1 I2
F21 = µ0 I1 µ0 I1 I2 l F12 F21
I2 l sin 90˚ or F21 =
B2
2π r 2π r x B1
B1 acts perpendicular and into the plane of the diagram by Right
Hand Thumb Rule. So, the angle between l and B1 is 90˚ . l is r
length of the conductor.
Magnetic Field on PQ due to current in RS is
µ0 I2 P R
B2 = (in magnitude)
2π r
Force acting on PQ due to current I1 through it is
µ0 I1 I2 l (The angle between l and
µ 0 I2 or F12 = B2 is 90˚ and B2 Is
F12 = I1 l sin 90˚
2π r emerging out)
2π r
µ0 I1 I2 l
=F=
F12 = F21
2π r µ0 I1 I2
Fl= N/m
Force per unit length of the conductor is 2π r
Q S Q S

I1
I1 I2
F F F F
x x x
F12 = I (l X B )

F12 i = I (lj X Bk) r r I2

P R P R

F21 = I (l X B )
F21 (- i) = I (lj X B -k)

By Fleming’s Left Hand Rule, By Fleming’s Left Hand Rule,


the conductors experience the conductors experience
force towards each other and force away from each other
hence attract each other. and hence repel each other.
Definition of 1 Ampere: µ0 I 1 I 2
Force per unit length of the F l= N/m
conductor is 2π r
When I1 = I2 = 1 Ampere and r = 1 m, then F = 2 x 10-7 N/m
One ampere is that current which, if passed in each of two parallel conductors of
infinite length and placed 1 m apart in vacuum causes each conductor to
experience a force of 2 x 10-7 Newton per metre of length due to the other
conductor.

Representation of Field due to Parallel Currents:


I1 I2 I1 I2
B B

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