THE HUMAN

MEMORY
SUBMITTED TO:- MAM SUMRANA SIDDIQUE
SUBMITTED BY:-BATOOL MURTAZA
ROLL NO:- 04
BS 4TH MATHEMATICS
THE ISLAMIA UNIVERSITY OF BAHAWALPUR
INTRODUCTION

• Definition
• Memory is the ability to encode, Store and remember information and past
experience in the brain.
• Memory is today in psychology defined as the faculty of encoding, storing, and
retrieving information. (Squire 2009)
• Hermann Ebbinghaus was German Psychologist and philosopher who pioneered
the scientific study of memory.
TYPES OF MEMORY

• There are three main types of memory

1. Sensory memory
2. Short-term memory
3. Long term memory
TYPES OF MEMORY DIAGRAM
1-SENSORY MEMORY

• It is the earliest stage of memory, through this memory we are

taking information from the environment through Senses.
• It is for very short time.
• Duration:-3-4 seconds duration.
• There are three types of sensory memory:-
• 1) Iconic Memory 2) Echoic Memory 3)Haptic memory
 TYPES OF SENSORY MEMORY

Iconic Memory
Iconic memory retains information through sight.
Duration:- one-quarter to one-half of a second
Echoic Memory
Echoic memory retains information through auditory stimuli.
Duration:- 3 or 4 seconds
Haptic Memory
Haptic Memory retains data acquiring through touch
Duration:- approximately 2 seconds
 2-SHORT-TERM MEMORY

Definition:-Short term memory ,is also known as active memory, is the information we are
currently aware of or thinking about.
Duration:- 20-30 seconds
• It is referred to as the conscious mind.
• Paying attention to sensory memories generates information in short-term memory.
• Examples of short term memory include where you parked your car this morning, what you
had for lunch yesterday, and remembering details from a book that you read a few days ago.
3-LONG TERM MEMORY

• Definition:- Long term memory stores information permanently.

• Duration:- Life time
• Its accuracy may be distorted over time.
• Short term memories can become long term memories through the process of consolidation which involves
rehearsal and meaningful association.
Types of long term memory
1) Implicit memory
2) Explicit memory
a)Episodic Memory b) Semantic Memory
 1-IMPLICIT MEMORY

• It is a memory of skills and how to do things, particularly movement of body parts

and use of objects or machines.
• Implicit memory is memory that can be unconsciously recalled.
• this is also known as procedural memory.
• This memory is acquired through repetition and practice.
Examples
An example is when you teach a child to write over and over again, eventually it
becomes embedded in him until he is able to do it simply without thinking so much
about it. Other examples include riding a bike, tying a shoe-lace, playing the guitar etc .
 2-EXPLICIT MEMORY

• It is a memory where we store memories of facts.

• It is also called declarative memory.
• We can consciously recall declarative memory.
Examples:-
Your ability to recall addresses, location of parking garages,intersection names, phone numbers.
Factors affecting declarative memory
Stress:-
Through experimentation method, scholars have been able to detect that those who are undergoing stress
tend to affect their declarative memory more than those who are not undergoing stress.
EPISODIC MEMORY

Episodic memory represents our memory of experiences and specific events in time, from
which we can reconstruct the actual events that took place at any given point in our lives.
Examples of Episodic Memory:-
First day at a new job.
• First movie you watched with your wife.
• The first time you travelled your favorite place .
• Your wedding day.
 SEMANTIC MEMORY

• Semantic memory includes things that are common knowledge, such as the names of colors, the sounds
of letters, the capitals of countries and basic facts acquired over a life time.
• Semantic memory is the recollection of facts gathered from the time we are young.

Examples of semantic memory:-

Knowing that grass is green.
Knowing how to use scissors.
• Understanding how to put words together to form a sentence.

• Knowing how to use a phone.

• Recognizing the names of colors.
GENERAL FACTORS AFFECTING MEMORY

1- Ability to retain
This depends upon good memory traces left in the brain by past experiences.
2-Good health
A person with good health can retain the learnt material better than a person with poor health.
3-Age of learner
Youngsters can remember better than the aged.
4-Maturity
Very young children cannot retain and remember complex material.
GENERAL FACTORS AFFECTING MEMORY

5-Will To remember
Willingness to remember helps for better retention.
6-Intelligence
More intelligent person will have better memory than a dull person.
7-Interest
If a person has more interest, he will learn and retain better.
8-Over learning
Experiments have proved that over learning will lead to better memory.
GENERAL FACTORS AFFECTING MEMORY

9-Speed learning
Quicker learning leads to better retention.
10-Meaningfulness of the material
Meaningful materials remain in our memory for longer period than for nonsense material,
11- Sleep or rest
Sleep or rest immediately after learning strengthens connections in the brain and helps for clear
memory.
AMNESIA

• Amnesia refers to the loss of memories, including facts, information and

experiences.
• Movies and television tend to depict amnesia as forgetting your identity,
but that’s not generally the case in real life. Instead, people with amnesia
— also called amnestic syndrome — usually know who they are. But they
may have trouble learning new information and forming new memories.
CAUSES OF MEMORY LOSS AND
FORGETFULNESS
Lack of sleep.

Stress and anxiety.

Depression.

Thyroid problems.

Vitamin B12 deficiency.

Alcohol abuse.
• Medication.
• Brain injury
WAYS TO IMPROVE YOUR MEMORY

Focus Your Attention

Avoid Cramming

Structure and Organize

• Utilize Mnemonic Devices
• Elaborate and Rehearse
• Visualize Concepts
• Relate New Information to Things You Already Know
• Read Out Loud