CHAPTERS-

10,11 & 12
1. 10- Introductions &
Conclusions!
2. 11- Unity & Coherence!
3. 12- Essays For
Examinations!
CHAPTERS-10
Introductions &
Conclusions!
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:
In this chapter, we will study:
The purpose of an introduction.
Types of information in introductions.
The purpose of a conclusion.
Techniques for writing conclusions.
THE IMPORTANCE OF
INTROS AND CONS:
Chapter eight explained that the
introduction and the conclusion are
two of the three main parts of an
essay. Without an introduction and
conclusion, an essay is just a group of
paragraphs. The introduction and the
conclusion work together to make the
topic and the main ideas of the essay
clear to the reader.
 THE INTRODUCTION
What is an introduction?
 The first paragraph of an essay is called
introduction.
The introduction:
 Is usually five to ten sentences.
 Catches the reader’s interest.
 Gives the general topic of the essay.
 Gives background information about the topic.
 States the main point (thesis statement) of the
essay.
INTRODUCTION
The introduction is often organized
by giving the most general ideas first
and then leading down to the most
specific idea which is in the thesis
statement.
HOW TO WRITE A STRONG
INTRODUCTION:
Introduces the topic clearly.
Gives several sentences of
information about the topic.
States the thesis (the main ideas) of
the essay.
WHAT WILL MAKE AN
INTRODUCTION WEAK?:
It doesn’t give enough information
about the topic or gives too much
information about it.
It talks about too many different
topics.
It does not state a clear thesis.
TYPES OF INFORMATION
TO INCLUDE:
How to make an introduction
interesting
To make an introductory paragraph
interesting for the reader, you can
include the following:
 Interesting facts or statistics.
 A personal story or an example.
 An interesting quotation.
CONCLUSION:
The importance of a conclusion>
Conclusion is the final paragraph of the
essay. A good concluding paragraph:
 Summarizes the main points (essay).
 Restates the thesis (paraphrasing)
 Makes final comment.
 May emphasizes an action that you
would like the reader to take.
AVOID THIS IN A CONCLUSION:
Do not introduce new ideas in a
conclusion. A conclusion only restates
or gives further commentary on ideas
discussed in the essay.
CHAPTERS-11
UNITY &
COHERENCE!
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:
In this chapter, we will study:
The importance of unity in essays
How to edit an essay for unity
The importance of coherence in essay
Methods of creating coherence
WRITING EFFECTIVE ESSAYS:
You have already learned that an
essay should be organized into an
introduction, a body and conclusion.
The next step is to make sure that all
these three parts of the essay work
together to explain your topic clearly.
WHAT IS UNITY?
Unity in writing is the connection of
all ideas to a single topic. In an essay,
all ideas should relate to the thesis
statement, and the supporting ideas
in a main body paragraph should
relate to the topic sentence.
EDITING AN ESSAY FOR UNITY
One way to keep unity in an essay is to
edit the outline for ideas that are not
relevant to the thesis statement or
topic sentence.
Likewise, after you have written the
essay, it is helpful to review the text
and look for ideas that do not relate to
the thesis or the topic sentences.
COHERENCE IN WRITING:
What is coherence?
Coherence is related to unity. Ideas
that are arranged in a clear and logical
way are coherent. When text is
unified and coherent, the reader can
easily understand the main points.
CHRONOLOGICAL- TRANSITIONS
Before, after, next, since, first,
second, while, when.
COMPARISON-
TRANSITIONS
Likewise, compared to, according
to, similarly, as…..as, and.
CONTRAST- TRANSITIONS
However, on the other hand, but,
yet, in spite of, in contrast,
although, instead.
INFORMATION-
TRANSITIONS
And, also, in addition, in fact,
furthermore, moreover, another.
EXAMPLES- TRANSITIONS
For example, for instance, in general,
generally, specifically, in particular.
CAUSE & EFFECT- TRANSITIONS
Therefore, so, thus, as a result, since,
because.
CONCLUDING- TRANSITIONS
In conclusion, in summary, finally,
therefore, to conclude, to summarize.
PRONOUN REFERENCE
Two sentences can be connected by
the use of a pronoun. A pronoun (he,
she, it, they) takes the place of a noun
(a person, place, thing, or idea) or a
noun phrase (several words that refer
to a person, place, thing or idea).
REPETITION OF KEY NOUNS OR
IDEAS
Another way to connect ideas in an
essay is by repeating important words
and phrases. This will help the reader
remember the main idea in the text.
CHAPTERS-12
Essays For
Examinations!
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:
In this unit, we will study:
Common instructions for essay tests
Techniques for writing timed essays
and managing time
ESSAY TESTS
You may be asked to write essays for
tests in your classes, or in entrance
examinations for colleges and
universities in English-speaking
countries. You will have to write
essays if you take the TOEFEL (Test
Of English as a Foreign Language)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR TIMED ESSAYS
Check to see how many questions you
must answer. Some exams may say
choose three of the following five topics.
You will not receive a higher score if you
write more than three essays—the
examiner will probably only mark the
first three.
INSTRUCTIONS
Check how many points the essay is
worth. In a 100-point test, an essay
worth twenty points should be longer
and more detailed than one worth five
points. Spend more time on the longer
essays.
INSTRUCTIONS
Pay close attention to the instructions
for each individual essay question. Be
especially careful with questions that
have several parts. It is helpful to
underline or circle key instructions so
that you do not leave anything out.
 INSTRUCTIONS
Use some of your time for planning
(gathering and organizing ideas) and for
proofreading your finished essay.
Always write in complete sentences and pay
attention to grammar and spelling. Do not
experiment with structures or words you are
not confident about using correctly.
Write neatly. Examiners may give lower
marks to essays they cannot read easily.
COMMON INSTRUCTIONS IN
ESSAY TESTS
Compare/contrast: As you learned in
unit 6, compare/contrast paragraphs
talk about similarities and differences
respectively.
You can write one paragraph to
compare and another to contrast, or
compare and contrast different idea
related to your topic in each paragraph.
COMMON INSTRUCTIONS IN
ESSAY TESTS
Discuss: This board term invites you
to describe different ideas about a
topic. Organize your discussion around
a central thesis statement.
Explain, show how: These
instructions show cause and effect. You
may also find instructions like these
for a problem / solution paragraphs.
COMMON INSTRUCTIONS IN
ESSAY TESTS
Show, describe, use examples: Make
sure that you provide specific details
to support your points.
COMMON INSTRUCTIONS IN
ESSAY TESTS
Which: This word asks you to make
a choice. Often a question with which
will ask you to defend your choice,
for example, which solution would
you recommend, and why? Make sure
that you clearly indicate your choice
in your answer. Do not try to write
about each possibility.
ANSWER DIRECTLY
Time is limited, so it is a good idea to
take certain ‘short cuts’ in essay tests.
Most importantly, you should write a
very short introduction—just one or
two sentences is OK—which includes
your thesis statement.
ANSWER DIRECTLY
Do not include background information
you might normally include in an essay.
Make sure that your thesis statement
directly answers the question. Your answer
should show that you know the
information that the test asks about. Extra
information or any information that is not
related to your topic will not your marks.
Your conclusion should also be brief.
MANAGING YOUR TIME
Write a five-minute outline
Before you write a test essay, write a
quick outline. This is the easiest way to
be sure that your answer includes all
the necessary information and that you
do not waste your time with
unnecessary information.
MANAGING YOUR TIME
With practice, you should be able to write a
brief outline with no more than five
minutes, including the thesis statement and
main ideas. Before you write anything else,
write your outline at the top of the page. If
you run out of time to finish your essay,
your instructor will still be able to see your
main ideas, and will know that you had a
problem with time and not with the content.
 FAREWELL

THE END!!!
THANK YOU!!!