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Nat Review

1) Special relativity describes how the measurements of space and time are affected by motion. It established that the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of their own motion or the motion of the light source. 2) Key consequences of special relativity include time dilation, where time passes more slowly for moving observers; length contraction, where objects appear shorter in the direction of motion; and relativity of simultaneity, where two events that are simultaneous for one observer may not be simultaneous for another. 3) Mass also appears to increase at higher speeds according to special relativity's famous equation E=mc2, where energy and mass are equivalent and interchangeable.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
117 views78 pages

Nat Review

1) Special relativity describes how the measurements of space and time are affected by motion. It established that the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of their own motion or the motion of the light source. 2) Key consequences of special relativity include time dilation, where time passes more slowly for moving observers; length contraction, where objects appear shorter in the direction of motion; and relativity of simultaneity, where two events that are simultaneous for one observer may not be simultaneous for another. 3) Mass also appears to increase at higher speeds according to special relativity's famous equation E=mc2, where energy and mass are equivalent and interchangeable.
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© © All Rights Reserved
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NAT REVIEW

2022-2023
Prepared by: Emmie J. Prince, MT II
Looc NHS, Plaridel, MO
#10. D
Answer:
The elevator is accelerating downwards.
Explanation:
On the earth, everything that has mass wants to fall. We call that
gravity. When you stand on the ground, the ground prevents you
from falling. If you stand on a scale that is on the ground, the ground
stops the scale from falling, and the scale stops you from falling. It
also measures how much it stops you from falling, and that is called
your weight.
Now stand on a scale in an elevator. If the elevator is stationary, then
the scale is prevented from falling by the floor of the elevator and the
scale prevents you from falling and measures your "true" (at rest)
weight. But, if the elevator begins to fall (accelerates downward) and
you continue to stand on the scale, you will weigh less and less (as
the elevator floor, you and the scale are falling at the same rate) until
the whole system is in free fall at which point you, the elevator and
the scale will weigh nothing at all.
#11. C #12. B
#13. D #14. C
Note: pasulbon nimo sila ani!
#15. B #16. B #17. A #18. B
#19. C #20. B #21. A #1. C
Albert Einstein's 1905 theory of special relativity is
one of the most important papers ever published in
the field of physics. Special relativity is an
explanation of how speed affects mass, time and
space. The theory includes a way for the 
speed of light to define the relationship between
energy and matter — small amounts of mass (m)
can be interchangeable with enormous amounts of
energy (E), as defined by the classic equation E =
mc^2.
1. The first postulate of special relativity is the
idea that the laws of physics are the same and
can be stated in their simplest form in all
inertial frames of reference.
2. The second postulate of special relativity is
the idea that the speed of light c is a constant,
independent of the relative motion of the
source.
SYNTHESIS:

What are the


consequences of
Special Theory of
Relativity?
1.
QUESTION AND
ANSWER ACTIVITY
A woman (observer A) is seated in the center of a rail car, with two flash lamps at
opposite sides equidistant from her. Multiple light rays that are emitted from the
flash lamps move towards observer A, as shown with arrows. A velocity vector
arrow for the rail car is shown towards the right. A man (observer B) standing on
the platform is facing the woman and also observes the flashes of light.
Observer A moves with the lamps on the rail car as the rail car moves towards the
right of observer B. Observer B receives the light flashes simultaneously, and sees
the bulbs as both having flashed at the same time. However, he sees observer A
receive the flash from the right first. Because the pulse from the right reaches her
first, in her frame of reference she sees the bulbs as not having flashed
simultaneously. Here, a relative velocity between observers affects whether two
events at well-separated locations are observed to be simultaneous. Simultaneity,
or whether different events occur at the same instant, depends on the frame of
reference of the observer. Remember that velocity equals distance divided by time,
so t = d/v. If velocity appears to be different, then duration of time appears to be
different. https://openstax.org/books/physics/pages/10-1-postulates-of-special-
relativity

https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/introductorygeneralphysics2phys1207opticsfirst/
chapter/28-1-einsteins-postulates/#:~:text=Einstein's%20First%20Postulate&text=For
%20example%2C%20a%20car's%20motion,star%20it%20is%20orbiting%20around.
In summary: Two events are defined to be
simultaneous if an observer measures them as
occurring at the same time (such as by receiving
light from the events). Two events are not
necessarily simultaneous to all observers.
Relativistic Effects on Time, Distance, and
Momentum

Figure 10.5 (a) An astronaut measures the time Δt0 for light to cross her ship using an electronic timer.
Light travels a distance 2D in the astronaut’s frame. (b) A person on the earth sees the light follow the
longer path 2s and take a longer time Δt.
Time dilation is the phenomenon of time passing more slowly
for an observer who is moving relative to another observer.
For example, suppose an astronaut measures the time it takes
for light to travel from the light source, cross her ship, bounce
off a mirror, and return. (See Figure 10.5.) How does the elapsed time
the astronaut measures compare with the elapsed time measured for the same event
by a person on the earth? Asking this question (another thought experiment)
produces a profound result. We
find that the elapsed time for a
process depends on who is measuring it. In this case, the time
measured by the astronaut is smaller than the time measured
by the earth bound observer. The passage of time is different
for the two observers because the distance the light travels in
the astronaut’s frame is smaller than in the earth bound
frame. Light travels at the same speed in each frame,
and so it will take longer to travel the greater distance
in the earth bound frame.
One thing all observers agree upon is their relative speed. When one
observer is traveling away from another, they both see the other
receding at the same speed, regardless of whose frame of reference is
chosen. Remember that speed equals distance divided by time: v = d/t.
If the observers experience a difference in elapsed time, they must also
observe a difference in distance traversed. This is because the
ratio d/t must be the same for both observers.
The shortening of distance experienced by an observer moving with
respect to the points whose distance apart is measured is called length
contraction. Proper length, L0, is the distance between two points
measured in the reference frame where the observer and the points are
at rest. The observer in motion with respect to the points measures L.
These two lengths are related by the equation

Because γ is the same expression used in the time dilation equation


above, the equation becomes
https://openstax.org/books/physics/pages/10-2-consequences-of-special-relativity

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