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Report-Anthro Educ 302

Anthropology is the study of human culture and behavior. It examines how humans are both unique members of the animal kingdom due to traits like bipedalism and tool use, as well as unique in their complex social behaviors like language, religious beliefs, and social organization. Language and writing are important aspects of culture that differentiate humans from other animals and are learned rather than innate. Writing developed later than language and originated from pictographs that eventually became more abstract and associated with speech sounds.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
57 views97 pages

Report-Anthro Educ 302

Anthropology is the study of human culture and behavior. It examines how humans are both unique members of the animal kingdom due to traits like bipedalism and tool use, as well as unique in their complex social behaviors like language, religious beliefs, and social organization. Language and writing are important aspects of culture that differentiate humans from other animals and are learned rather than innate. Writing developed later than language and originated from pictographs that eventually became more abstract and associated with speech sounds.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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ANTROPOLOGI

CAL
FOUNDATION
GEL V. CAUZON
- REPORTER -
ANTHROPOLOGY
- Is the science of people and culture. The word is
a combination of two Greek roots, "anthrops“
means man, and "logos" an account or
calculation.
ANTHROPOLOGY
 Herskovitz defines anthropology as “the science of
man and his works.”

 According to Jacobs and Stern, anthropology is the


scientific study of the physical, social and cultural
development and behavior of human beings since
their appearance on earth.
ANTHROPOLOGY
Anthropology studies man as a member of the animal
kingdom and studies his behavior as a member of
society. Man is unique in the animal kingdom because;
(1)he walks erect,
(2)he uses his hands for handling, and
(3)he has a more complex brain.
(4)He is also unique in the field of behavior for the
following reasons:
ANTHROPOLOGY

1. He possesses tools and other material artifacts.


2. He has complex techniques for getting and
preparing food.
3. He has social and political organization.
4. He has a system of religious beliefs and rituals.
5. He communicates by means of language.
ANTHROPOLOGY AND EDUCATION
 Education at its core refers to the pursuit of
knowledge.
 Anthropology is the study of culture and its people.

Since inherent learning structures are a part of


anthropology in terms of human development, then
education can be considered a primary feature of
people and their culture.
ANTHROPOLOGY AND EDUCATION
In the process of education, History is being studied
which is the main and the basic record of culture,
hence, it cannot be denied that it is being nourished
by education.
One important function of education is the
preservation of culture. Continuity of man's social
life is possible through this process.
“ANTROPOLOGICAL
FOUNDATION OF
EDUCATION”
CULTURE
CULTURE
In its anthropological image, it is the manmade part
of the human environment. It is a way of life of a
specific group.
Robert Redfield also speaks of culture as
"an organized body of conventional understandings
manifest in art and artifacts, which persisting to
traditions, characterizes a human group".
CONCEPT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
CULTURE
CULTURE IS LEARNED
 Man is not born with culture, but he is born with
ability to acquire culture, developing it through
experience. Culture is learned rather than
transmitted by the genes.
 Culture is not instinctive. It is acquired by the
person through senses and from experience.
CONCEPT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
CULTURE
PEOPLE HAVE VARIED CULTURE
 According to Philip Barge, it is an error to identify
a culture with the society in which it is formal and
to talk about them both as if they were the same
thing.
 The habits traits and the institutions of society
were seen developing along the line from savagery
to barbarism to civilization.
CONCEPT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
CULTURE
CULTURE IS A GROUP PRODUCT
 Culture is a group product developed by many
person interacting in a group.
 Culture is the result of a group's accumulation of
knowledge and expectations. These group
knowledge and habits are shared by the members
of the group and are kept relatively uniform by
certain social mechanisms
CLASSIFICATION OF CULTURE

STATIC - when it emphasizes cultural transmission.


DYNAMIC - when it emphasizes change.
CLASSIFICATION OF CULTURE
 STABLE - when folkways and mores are satisfying,
new elements and traits are incorporate smoothly
and without conflict.
 UNSTABLE - when the group does not have
satisfying solutions to most of its problems and
conflict exists between the traditional and radical
groups and their values.
FORMS OF CULTURE
 MATERIAL CULTURE - consists of tangible
things houses, clothing, tools, utensils, automobiles,
TV, school, hospital and building; refers to the
physical objects, resources, and spaces that people
use to define their culture.
 NON-MATERIAL CULTURE - refers to what is
symbolic or intangible such as sentiments, folkways,
mores, systems, and beliefs and knowledge.
FILIPINO
CULTURE, THEN
AND NOW
FILIPINO CULTURE,
THEN AND NOW
“ANTROPOLOGICAL
FOUNDATION OF
EDUCATION”
LANGUAGE
UNIVERSAL PATTERNS OF CULTURE

LANGUAGE
 Without language, culture among men would be
wholly impossible.
 The human being learned his language just as he
learned his culture; man is not born with a
language.
UNIVERSAL PATTERNS OF CULTURE
LANGUAGE
 Language is distinctly human system of
behavior based on oral symbols.
 It is a special system if communication that is
specifically oral and symbolic and it is learned.
DEFINITION OF LANGUAGE
To Keesing language is “a vocal symbolism of
speech, with its related bodily gestures and
mechanical signals which give precision and
finesse to communication.”
To Beals and Hoijer “a way of speaking, distinct
in every culture.”
LANGUAGE

To Herskovitz language is “a system of arbitrary


vocal symbols by which members of social group
cooperate and interact by which the learning
process is effectuated and a given of way of life
achieved both through continuity and change.”
LANGUAGE

To Herskovitz language is “a system of arbitrary


vocal symbols by which members of social group
cooperate and interact by which the learning
process is effectuated and a given of way of life
achieved both through continuity and change.”
ANTIQUITY OF LANGUAGE

Linguistics is an important subdivision of


anthropology.
The anthropologist first studies the language of
a group whose culture he wants to know.
Language is needed to understand a society and
its people and the role of language in their lives.
SIGNIFICANCE AND FUNCTION OF
LANGUAGE

 Language is very important.


 Language is a form of learned behavior by
which people communicate with each other; this
function is probably one of the most important,
if not the most important function of language.
SIGNIFICANCE AND FUNCTION OF
LANGUAGE

According to Herskovitz, language is a vehicle


of culture by which the culture is passed on
from one generation to generation. Language is
a means of cooperation through which people
learn to play together and to work together.
SIGNIFICANCE AND FUNCTION OF
LANGUAGE

Problems are solved, not through physical


activities alone, but through thought and
discussion; and therefore problem solving
becomes continuous through language,
according to Shapiro.
ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE

According to Herskovitz, every language has


three parts which are:
1. Phonemic system consisting of sounds.
2. Vocabulary.
3. Grammar.
ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE

According to Kessing, the parts of language are:


1. Set of sound signals, the articulatory of
phonetic system phonology.
2. Grammar or morphology (structure)
3. Semantics - vocabulary.
ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE

Kottak gives the following parts:


1. Phonology – study of sounds in human speech.
2. Grammar – arrangement of sounds into longer
sequence of speech or longer utterances.
3. Lexicon – vocabulary or the meaning system of
language.
LANGUAGE
Summing up, then, all languages have a:
1. Well-defined system of speech sounds
2. Grammar – way of putting together words, phrases,
sentences according to definite rules.
(All societies, whether pre-literate pygmies or
advanced European groups, have grammar)
3. Vocabulary which increases with every new culture
item.
REFLECTION
Language should be studied as it is an aspect of
culture that differentiates man form animals. It
should be used correctly as it is criterion that
differences the educated from the uneducated.
Language is a way of making people close to one
another, of fostering the feeling of belongingness.
“ANTROPOLOGICAL
FOUNDATION OF
EDUCATION”
WRITING
WRITING
A confusion arises with regard to language and
writing as if the later is a special language. This may
be explained by the fact that in school, children
learn to read and write almost at the same time.
Also , when we speak of literacy, we think of ability
to read and write. Written language, however, is
different from spoken language.
WRITING
Writing, according to Beals and Hoijer is “a set of
techniques for the graphic representation of
speech.”
Herskovitz defines writing as “round-about speech
or mechanical gesture; a series of graphic symbols
(or symbol of symbols) which hold and store
information more or less permanently according to
the medium, apart from the individuals who are in
communication.
INVENTION OF WRITING
Writing is a more recent invention than language.
While language appeared more than a million
years ago, that is, when man first acquired the
rudiments of culture, the first written records in
English were dated A.D. 900.
DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING
Writing perhaps originated from drawing, which was
as much part of culture as language Conventionalized
pictographs may be regarded as the earliest form of
writing.
And the life style of primitive people was gleaned
from the pictures drawn on the walls of their cave
dwellings. In time, the pictorial symbols became more
and more abbreviated. This kind of writing was called
pictograph or picture writing.
DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING
True writing perhaps began when conventionalized
graphic symbols became associated with the sounds of
a language. Symbols stood for words or particular
combinations of speech sounds. This was called
logographic writing and the symbols that represented
words were called logograms. Logographs or
logograms appeared in the Near East, in Chinese, and
in Maya Writing. The problem of logographic writing
was the difficulty of representing abstract ideas
DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING
Recognition of the phonetic factor made words that
are the same in sound but different in meaning,
represented by the same character. Phonetic
characters that have a constant phonographic value
are called phonograms. Phonograms came to be
associated with syllables rather than whole words and
were called syllabaries.
DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING
Syllabaries became widespread. Mesopotamia (Iraq),
Babylonia, and Sumeria wrote their ancient languages
by means of a syllabary. They wrote on clay tablets
with a stylus having a wedge-shaped edge end. The
writing was called cuneiform from the Latin word
cuneus meaning “wedge”. Old Persian and Greek
were also written in syllabic characters. Syllabic
writing is still used in Japan today where the
Japanese syllabary has about 65 characters.
DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING
The alphabetic system of writing developed around
1800 B.C. when Semitic – speaking peoples took the
Egyptian syllabary of 24 characters and transformed
these into consonant symbols. Alphabetic writing is
further refinement of phonographic symbolism
whereby a character becomes attached to a phoneme
that conveys appropriate meanings.
Ex.: pear, pair, pare
DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING
The Phonenicians are credited with the invention of
the alphabet where they substituted consonants for
the 24 characters. The Greeks added vowels in place
of the consonants they did not need. From the Greeks,
the complete alphabet spread to Rome and to other
European countries. This is the alphabet that we are
using now.
RELATION OF WRITING TO
LANGUAGE
Writing has a history of its own and developed
separately from language. They are not the same
although they are related. There are two different
aspects of culture. Language is a complex of patterns
that govern or control speech while writing is the
written symbol of speech.
RELATION OF WRITING TO
LANGUAGE
Writing is a recent invention compared to language.
All societies having more or less the same level of
development possess language, but not writing.
Writing is found in advanced societies but may be
lacking in primitive tribes.
RELATION OF WRITING TO
LANGUAGE
Writing is a recent invention compared to language.
All societies having more or less the same level of
development possess language, but not writing.
Writing is found in advanced societies but may be
lacking in primitive tribes.
EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS
1. Since language is an aspect of culture, one should
study the language well and speak it correctly.
2. The more languages a person knows, the better
educated he is and the easier he can adjust to other
peoples.
3. To understand people, it is necessary to know their
language.
EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS
4. Knowing a people’s language is a means of fostering
good public relations.
5. Since English is the language spoken throughout
most of the world, one should study it well.
6. Reading books and magazines is one way of
increasing one’s vocabulary.
EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS
7. A person should learn to write legibly and clearly as
this is a mark of the well-educated.
8. Fluency in speaking and writing comes with
practice; so one should take every opportunity to
speak and write well.
REFLECTION
Writing is essential to the highly complex civilization
today. It makes possible long distance communication.
It is a means of keeping records and preserving them
for posterity. It is vital to the system of education,
research, and to world culture. That is why scientists
consider the invention of writing as the beginning of
true civilization. However, learning, literacy, and
education became widely spread only with the
invention of the printing press.
BAYBAYIN PRE-SPANISH
PHILIPPINE WRITING
SYSTEM
BAYBAYIN PRE-SPANISH PHILIPPINE
WRITING SYSTEM

The term Baybay literally means "to spell" in


Tagalog.
Baybayin was extensively documented by the
Spanish.
BAYBAYIN PRE-SPANISH PHILIPPINE
WRITING SYSTEM

Some have attributed it the name Alibata, but this


name is incorrect. (The term "Alibata" was coined
by Paul Rodriguez Verzosa after the arrangement of
letters of the Arabic alphabet alif. ba. ta. alibata.
"F" having been eliminated for euphony's sake.'
TECHNOLOGY

 The prehistoric age of man are identified by his


lithic technology. Tools are devices for
transforming or storing energy.
LITHIC TOOLS
LITHIC TOOLS
 The Filipino people of the Old Stone Age were
hunters and gatherers who used crude stone tools
as knives and scrapers. Stone flake and cobble tools
were made from stones found in riverbeds. Within
the Philippines evidence of flake tools from the Old
Stone Age has been discovered in archeological sites
within the Cagayan Province close to the fossils of
prehistoric animals, such as the Prodoscidean, a
prehistoric elephant.
LITHIC TOOLS

 The Filipino people of the Old Stone Age were


hunters and gatherers who used crude stone tools
as knives and scrapers. Stone flake and cobble tools
were made from stones found in riverbeds.
LITHIC TOOLS
 Early Filipinos made stone and flake tools in two
ways. One way was by striking the core of the stone
with a stone hammer, sometimes placing bone or
wood between the stone hammer and the stone tool
being fashioned to cushion the blow. Another way
was by using pressure from tools made from wood
or bone to pry flakes from stone to shape it into a
usable tool.
ART

 This is a universal feature of culture, but art is a


concept that does not necessarily exist in the minds
of all people.
 Primitive art is simply the art of primitive peoples.
It is not implicitly naïve or technically deficient
except the lack of perspective in graphic art. It may
be naturalistic or abstract.
PRE-COLONIAL
ART
MYTHOLOGY
 The questing mind of man has always asked the
eternal “why?” The creative minds of artists have
spun a literary web of answers in words and ideas.
 Myths are the stories that correspond to the
ceremonies. Myths are ways in which the
institutions and expectations of the society are
emphasized and made dramatic and persuasive in
narrative form.
PHILIPPINE MYTHOLOGY
PHILIPPINE MYTHOLOGY

 Philippines mythology is derived from Philippine


folk literature, which is the traditional oral
literature of the Filipino people. This refers to a
wide range of material due to the ethnic mix of the
Philippines. Each unique ethnic group has its own
stories and myths to tell.
RELIGION

 Less than a hundred years ago, scholars discussed


with interest such questions as how men could have
come to conceive of gods whether there might be
tribes so primitive as to have no religion, and how
far the faith and superstitions of savages could
properly be related to the great universal religions.
EARLY FILIPINO RELIGION
EARLY FILIPINO RELIGION

 The original religion of the early Filipinos was


Animism. The worship of spirits. The Filipinos of
that era practiced an animist religion which
featured rituals aimed at pacifying malevolent
spirits.
SUPERNATURAL BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
SUPERNATURAL BELIEFS AND
PRACTICES
 Religion is manifested not only through symbolism
and tribal ceremonies but also permeates the
thought and feelings of individuals it expresses
itself through spells and incantations it blends into
magic and sorcery it is managed by specialist the
shaman and the priest and it may be organized into
cults.
ANIMISM
 This is the belief in spirit beings, the most basic and
universal component of religious ideology.
 Sir Edward Tylor, an English anthropologist, saw
the origin of animism in the phenomena of dreams,
of life and death.
 The attribution of spirit qualities to plants and
objects then produced what we call "nature
worship.”
ANIMISM
 This is the belief in spirit beings, the most basic and
universal component of religious ideology.
 Sir Edward Tylor, an English anthropologist, saw
the origin of animism in the phenomena of dreams,
of life and death.
 The attribution of spirit qualities to plants and
objects then produced what we call "nature
worship.”
MANA

 This is the belief in the supernatural attributes of


persons and things which are not ascribed to the
presence of spirit beings. It is the exceptional power
to do things that are unusual.
MANA

 Religion and magic are both aspects of


supernaturalism. Their difference lies in the
attitudes of the religious and magical practitioners
the religious person acknowledges his inferiority to
spirit beings the magician believes he has mastered
a supernatural force through the possession of a
compulsive formula.
SUPERNATURALBELIEFS OF PRE-
SPANISH FILIPINOS

 According to Fr. Pedro Chirino, Antonio de Morga


and other Spanish writers, the ancient Filipino
believed in a supreme being called Bathala, the
creator of heaven and earth, and all living things.
MEDICINE

 In the early Philippine culture, disease is


understood as being. caused by the violation of
some taboo, or any attack by a ghost or a witch.
The process of curing must be prefaced by a
ceremony of divination. This is the means of
finding the cause of the difficulty. Following this is
the precise ceremonial cure.
MEDICINE

 "Hand Trembler" - a specialist hired for the


occasion begins his work by sitting down beside the
patient and carrying out a rite followed by a
divination, the proper caring ceremony and the
shaman medicine man or singer can be summoned.
There is considerable variation in the chants,
depending on the divine cause of illness.
SUPERNATURAL BELIEFS
AND PRACTICES
SUPERNATURAL BELIEFS AND
PRACTICES
 In the hierarchy of healers and specialists in
Philippine folk medicine, the albularyo may be
referred to as the general practitioner,
knowledgeable in most of the folkloric modalities,
usually especially versed in the use of medicinal
herbs. The hilot ambiguously refers both to the
manghihilot and magpapaanak.
SUPERNATURAL BELIEFS AND
PRACTICES
 The manghihilot specializes in techniques and
treatments applicable to sprains, fractures and
muskuloskeletal conditions.
 The magpapaanak, besides prenatal visits and
delivering babies, often performs the such ritual.
Some healers limit their practice of folkloric
therapies to more specialized modalities.
FAMILY
 The universal functions of the family are the
institutionalization of mating and the establishment
of legal parents for a woman's children.
 The nurture and enculturation of the young.
 The organization of a complementary division of
labor between Spouses.
 The establishment of relationships of descent and
affinity.
THE EARLY FILIPINO FAMILY

 Long before the arrival of the Spaniards, ancient


Filipinos were living in scattered barangays and
ruled by different chieftains. Although, they were
living separately, they were similar in many ways.
their religion, mode of dressing, houses, system of
government and marriage practices and economic
activities.
THE EARLY FILIPINO FAMILY

 The Filipinos lived in settlements called barangays


before the colonization of the Philippines by the
Spaniards. As the unit of government, a barangay
consisted from 0 to 000 families. It was headed by a
datu and was independent from the other groups.
PROPERTY SYSTEM

 Property is thought of most immediately in


connection with such tangible goods as tools,
automobiles, houses and land.
 Property operates to keep use and enjoyment and
disposal in expected channels.
POLITICAL SYSTEM
 Political institutions clearly appear, however, in
many tribal the societies there is a chief who has
power to decide issues or to lead in the making of
decisions there be a council there may be a group to
police the people. Before the Spaniards came, the
Philippines already have a community and political
system and a thriving culture. Across the country,
from Luzon to Mindanao, are small kingdoms,
Sultanantes and Rajahnates.
POLITICAL SYSTEM

 The smallest units of their community called


balangay, which is now, in our time, a more micro
managed barangay. These are scattered across the
archipelago and are governed by a village chief
called a Rajah or Datu.
POLITICAL SYSTEM
 The people help the Datu in times of war and help
till the land and a tax like tribute buwis is also
imposed amongst constituents in forms of crops.
The Datu has several elders who serve as advisers
and help him make the laws. The law was written
and announced to the whole barangay by a town
crier, called the umalohokan. Two or more
balangays may forge an alliance through marriage
or blood compact Sanduguan.
WARFARE
 This is the one which has political consequences of
many forms of organized violence. The rivalry
between closely related groups which are an aspect
of the ingroup sentiments just referred to, often
leads to organized violence. Usually such violence,
which is not war follows the commission by some
individual of an act which in a modern society
would be called a crime.
WARFARE

 The deep traditions of irregular warfare in the


Philippines were set long before Western colonial
powers began to arrive in the islands. The tribal
society that dominated Philippine culture prior to
the arrival of the colonials, also contributed
directly to the dominance of irregular warfare.
WARFARE

 Males from allied families within the barangay


conducted battle led by their chief, often against
their neighbors. The battles were bloody, savage,
brutal, and close. Goals were the accumulation of
wealth, women, glory, or vengeance.
CONCEPT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
CULTURE
CULTURE IS ADAPTIVE
 All cultures are dynamic. They change over time.
All these changes are adjustments to the prevailing
environment.
 Culture is continually changing due to discoveries
and inventions. Teachers as innovators need to
experiment in restoring discipline in the classroom.
01 02 03 04
Byzantine Islamic Ottoman Imperial China
Empire Civilization Empire
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the topic of the the topic of the the topic of the the topic of the
section here section here section here section here

05 06 07 08
Mongol African Japan and Eastern Europe
Empire Civilization Korea
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the topic of the the topic of the the topic of the the topic of the
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Whoa!
This can be the part of the presentation where
you introduce yourself, write your email…
About the Byzantine Empire

Do you know what helps you make your point


very clear?
Lists like this one:

● They’re simple
● You can organize your ideas clearly
● You’ll never forget to buy milk!

And the most important thing: the audience


won’t miss the point of your presentation
Byzantium

New Rome Constantinople


Mercury is the closest planet to Venus has a beautiful name and is
the Sun and the smallest one in the second planet from the Sun.
the Solar System. This planet’s It’s hot and is the second-brightest
name has nothing to do with the natural object in the night sky
metal
02
Islamic
Civilization
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Introduction
You can give a brief description of the topic you want to talk about
here. For example, if you want to talk about Mercury, you can say that
it’s the smallest planet in the entire Solar System
Spread of the Islam
Mercury
Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun and the smallest
one in the Solar system

Venus
Venus has a beautiful name
but is extremely hot, even
hotter than Mercury
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07
Japan and Korea
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