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Decolonization and Independence in Africa and Asia Circa 1900-1990

The document summarizes the process of decolonization in Africa and Asia from 1900-1990. It describes a typical 4 stage cycle countries experienced after independence: 1) power vacuum and conflict after European departure, 2) civil war along ethnic/religious lines, 3) emergence of a new dictatorship, and 4) either continued dictatorship or progress toward democracy. Key events discussed include Indian independence and partition, apartheid and its end in South Africa, and genocides in Rwanda. Challenges faced by post-colonial states like political instability, weak economies, and ongoing ethnic tensions are also outlined.

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28 views28 pages

Decolonization and Independence in Africa and Asia Circa 1900-1990

The document summarizes the process of decolonization in Africa and Asia from 1900-1990. It describes a typical 4 stage cycle countries experienced after independence: 1) power vacuum and conflict after European departure, 2) civil war along ethnic/religious lines, 3) emergence of a new dictatorship, and 4) either continued dictatorship or progress toward democracy. Key events discussed include Indian independence and partition, apartheid and its end in South Africa, and genocides in Rwanda. Challenges faced by post-colonial states like political instability, weak economies, and ongoing ethnic tensions are also outlined.

Uploaded by

AbdelkaderBesseba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Decolonization and

Independence in Africa and


Asia circa 1900-1990
Push for Freedom from European Imperialism
Stage 1 European Imperialism
Ends
 Europeans leave or forced out
 Power Vacuum created- no one is in charge
 Internal conflict begins immediately
Stage 2- Civil War / Internal Conflict
 Brief or extended period of fighting
 Religious, ethnic, or political divisions
 Chaos and violence
 Human rights atrocities- children soldiers, ethnic
cleansing, genocide
 Refugee camps in other countries
 Sometimes results in partition – division into
separate countries
Refugee Camps impact other countries
Stage 3- New dictatorship

 No political freedoms
 Poverty, unemployment, gap in wealth
 Rigged elections, rampant corruption
 Disease outbreaks (Malaria, AIDS, typhoid,
cholera, waterborne parasites)
 Similar to conditions during imperialism
Stage 4 Progress or Rev. Cycle?
Patterns of Revolution
Option 1 Continuation of dictatorship
Option 2 Dictator removed cycle starts over
Option 3 Progress begins-> move towards
democracy and stronger economy
Decolonization 1900-1990s
 Africans and Indians pushed for independence
 Renaissance of African and Indian culture
 World War II weakened European Empires
 Europeans no longer have weapon advantage
 Colonies became expensive to run
 Protesters supported end of colonial rule
 Leaders like Gandhi organize resistance movements
Decolonization and the Cold War
 USSR and USA compete for allies
 USSR and USA try to influence newly
independent countries.
 Secret conflict between CIA and KGB
 Capitalist countries make deals with USA
 Communist countries make deals with USSR
Historical Examples of Decolonization: India
Indian Independence 1947- Partition of
India
Do Now
 Define Civil Disobedience in your notes.
What are 3 examples of civil disobedience from history?
Civil Disobedience Timeline
- Henry David Thoreau- wrote essay “Civil Disobedience”
- Gandhi influenced by this essay
- MLK influenced by Gandhi and Thoreau
- Mandela influenced by all of these men
Post Imperialist India
 1947 Partition of India- India (Hindu), West
Pakistan (Muslim), and East Pakistan
(Muslim)
 1947-1960s Fighting continues between
Hindus and Muslims along the border
 1970s Pakistani Civil War- East Pakistan
breaks away and becomes Bangladesh with
help from India
Modern India and Pakistan 1980s –
Present
 Conflict over Kashmir region
 India dealing with acts of terrorism connected
to Pakistan
 Pakistan dealing with problems related to
border with Afghanistan
 Nationalist feelings in both countries
 Both have nuclear weapons
Modern Africa
Historical Examples of Decolonization: South
Africa
 British give independence to European
settlers
 Apartheid established- racial segregation
 1920s-1990s- Black African protesters jailed
 1990- Nelson Mandela freed
 1994- Apartheid ends
 Economic Improvements
Ghana
 Problems after Europeans left:
- Political Instability - Military Dictatorships
- Weak Economy - Corruption – Disease
- Cycle of Revolution and Dictatorship
 Signs of Progress

- Democracy established - Improving


economy - Better schools
Rwanda
 Belgians ruled colony with Tutsi help
 Tutsi- 30% Hutu- 70%
 Independence 1962 Hutus control government
 Years of tension led to Civil War in 1990s
 Hutu president assassinated
 Hutus begin genocide in April 1994
 Around 800,000 - 900,000 Tutsis and non
cooperating Hutus killed
Kenya
 Problems after Europeans left:
- Famine / Poverty - Weak Economy
- Cycle of Revolution and Dictatorship
 Signs of Progress:

- Improving Economy
 Currently still struggling with democracy
Nigeria
 Problems after Europeans left:
- Civil War between Igbo, Hausa, and Yoruba tribes
- Military Dictatorships – No Democracy
- Weak Economy - Disease
 Signs of Progress:

- Stronger economy - End of Civil War


 Currently- corruption, lack of freedom of speech, potential for
new Civil War involving religion
 Problems with Boko Haram
Democratic Republic of Congo
 Problems after Europeans left:
- Political Instability / Civil War / Coups
- Ethnic Conflict - Military Dictatorships
- Weak economy – Disease

 Current Issues
- Slave labor being used to gather natural resources
- War lords control certain regions
- Civil War and ethnic conflict recently ended

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