Internet of Things for

Libraries

Dr. Parveen Babbar

Deputy Librarian, JNU
Email: parveenbabbar@gmail.com
 Internet of Things
• Internet of Things (IoT)
is a system of interrelated computing devices or objects which
have the ability to transfer the data over a network without requiring any human to
human or human to computer interaction uniquely addressable, based on standard
communication protocol.
• It is a giant network of connected things, capturing the data about the way they are
used and the environment around them.
• When we speak about the “Things” in IoT, these are objects not precisely
identifiable.
• The sensors are used in the devices and objects and these feed the data to various
IoT platforms.
• Further, IoT platforms are used to gather the pinpointed information, detect
patterns.
• Thus, with the above process the IoT helps the organizations and institutions in
reducing the cost through improved processes efficiency, asset utilization and
productivity.
Source: IBM, What is the Internet of Things? https://www.ibm.com/blogs/internet-of-things/what-is-the-iot/
 Different Names of IoT
• Internet of Everything
• Smarter Planet
• Machine to Machine (M2M)
• The Fog
• Tsensors (Trillion Sensors)
• The Industrial Internet
• Industry 4.0
• Internet of Things (IoT)
 Reasons of IoT
 Data deluge : The explosion of the amount of data collected and exchanged is one of the major
reason why IoT came in existence. Forecasts indicate that in the year 2015 more than 220 Exabytes
of data are stored. So we need novel mechanisms to find, fetch, and transmit data.

 There is decrease in energy required to operate intelligent devices. The search will be for a zero
level of entropy where the device or system will have to harvest its own energy.

 Miniaturization of devices: the devices are becoming increasingly smaller.

 Autonomic management: the devices/systems of future will have self-management, self-

healing,
and self-configuration capabilities.

 IPv6 as an integration layer: allows to exploit the potential of IPv6 and related standards.
 Internet of Things Enablers

• Energy
• Intelligence
• Communication
• Integration
• Interoperability
• Standards Image Source: The Internet of Things, 2012, New Horizons, Edited by: Ian G Smith,
Technical Editors: Ovidiu Vermesan Peter Friess Anthony Furness http://www.internet-of-
things-research.eu/pdf/IERC_Cluster_Book_2012_WEB.pdf

Source: Tata Consultancy Services. http://gisfi.org/pdf/june_21_23_10/Internet_of_Things.ppt

 IoT
• Internet for Devices
• Internet for M2M communication
• Internet for Non Human
 Threat vs. Opportunity

• If misunderstood and misconfigured, IoT poses risk

to our data, privacy, and safety.

• If understood and secured, IoT will

enhance communications, lifestyle, and delivery of
services.
 How are the networks changing?
• Extensions
– More nodes, more connections
– Any TIME, Any PLACE + Any THING
– M2M, IoT
• Billions of interconnected devices,
• Everybody is connected.
• Expansions
– Broadband
– LTE, 5G
• Enhanceme
nts
– Smart
networks
– Data-
centric and
content-
 Technology Trend

Re -Source: university of Surrey. IoT,

http://personal.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/P.Barnaghi/teaching/EEEM048/2015/EEEM048_Lecture1_Introduction.ppt
 Architectural Trends
• The following issues are important for IoT standardization
 Designing Web Services
 Designing Messaging Services
 Designing Common Data Exchange Formats
 Using Internet Protocol Layers or an IP proxy layer

• The architectural framework needs to incorporate all the desired aspects such as
scalability, flexibility, adaptability etc.

• The components, and interfaces for various building blocks such as device interfaces,
data formats, networking standards and protocols, service platforms and application
interfaces are to be defined in IoT standards.

Source: Tata Consultancy Services. http://gisfi.org/pdf/june_21_23_10/Internet_of_Things.ppt

 Data Lifecycle

Stage-1 Data Collection Stage-2 Data Stage-3 Data Use/

Analytics Reuse
Context- metadata, ID, Compute- Store, Own use/sharing
location, index,
aggregate, structure –trust, access, value
time – Correlate- Action- interface,
Validation format, benchmark,
profile, informed decision visualization
range, source –accuracy, Compliance- quality , application
consistency,
Verification control, , Secondary use-
integrity skills/competence
governance, risks/
precaution,
rights/ licenses

Interaction/ Feedback/ Control

Source: The IET Technical Report, Digital Technology Adoption in the Smart Built Environment: Challenges and opportunities of data driven systems for building,
community and city-scale applications,
http://www.theiet.org/sectors/built-environment/resources/digital-technology.cfm
 Sensors &
• Sensors: Actuators
– They are mainly input components
– They sense and collect surrounding information
– Basically three types:
• Passive, omnidirectional (e.g. mic)
• Passive, narrow-beam sensor (e.g. PIR)
• Active sensors (e.g. sonar, radar, etc.)

• Actuators:
– They are mainly output components
– They alter the surrounding.
– Some examples:
• Adding lighting, heat, sound, etc.
• Controlling motors to move objects
• Displaying messages
• and others…
 Things
• We can turn almost every object into a “thing”.
• A “thing” still looks much like an embedded system currently.
• A “thing” generally consists of four main parts:
– Sensors & actuators
– Microcontroller
– Communication unit
– Power supply
• A “thing” has the following properties:
– It’s usually powered by battery. This implies limited source of energy.
– It’s generally small in size and low in cost. This limits their computing capability.
– It doesn’t usually perform complicated tasks.
• Power consumption is the main design issue.
 Communications
• A “thing” always feature communications for “team working”
• The Role of Communications
– Providing a data link between two nodes
• Communication type:
– Wireline (e.g. copper wires, optical fibers)
– Wireless (e.g. RF, IR). RF-based communication is the most
popular choice (and also our focus)
• Popular RF-based communication solutions:
– IEEE 802.15.4
– IEEE 802.11 (or Wi-Fi)
– Bluetooth
– Near Field Communication (NFC), e.g. RFID
 Networks
• The Roles of Networks
– Managing nodes (discovery, join, leave, etc).
– Relaying data packets from the source to the destination node in the network.
• Networks are a distributed system. All nodes need to perform networking
related tasks.
• RF-based Network in IoT is usually a Wireless Multi-hop Network.
– Wireless Sensor Networks
– Mobile Wireless Ad hoc Networks
– Wireless Mesh Networks
– Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
– and many others...
• Main concern: Reliability & Performance
 The Internet

• The Internet serves as a wide area networking for

a local network.
• The Internet uses TCP/IP. This implies that things
must also support TCP/IP.
• Gateway (or sink)
The Internet

Data link
Gateway
Network
 IoT Protocol Stacks
IoT Stack Web Stack
TCP/IP Model IoT Applications and Device Web Applications
Management
Data Format Binary, JSON, CBOR HTML, XML, JSON
Application CoAP, MQTT, XMPP,AMQP HTTP, DHCP, DNS, TLS/SSL
Layer
Transport Layer UDP, DTLS TCP, UCP
Internet Layer IPv6/IP Routing and IPv6, IPv4, IPSec
6LoWPAN
Network Layer IEEE 802.15.4 MAC, IEEE Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), DSL, ISDN,
802.15.4 PHY/ Physical Radio Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11), Wi-Fi

Source: LOGANATHAN V, Welcome to the Workshop on IoT & Cloud Computing the Coexistence . Available at
https://slideplayer.com/slide/13103760/ and http://www.ismuniv.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/coexistance.ppt
 Protocol Stack
Thing

Thing
Application Application

TCP/UDP TCP/UDP

Network (IP) Network (IP)

IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless
PHY/MAC PHY/MAC
Server Medium

Application Gateway
TCP/UDP

Network (IP) Network (IP)

IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.15.4

(Ethernet) The (Ethernet) PHY/MAC
Internet
Enabling Technologies: Wireless technologies
Latency ~2.5 ms ~20 ms
Peak Current ~ 12.5 mA ~ 40 mA
Data Rate ~305 kbps ~100 kbps
Power Efficiency ~0.153 μW/bit ~185.9 μW/bit
Range 280 m 100 m
Network Topology Star Network Mesh Network

Source: http://ftp.onem2m.org/Meetings/TP/2015%20meetings/20150720_TP18_Philadelphia/TP-2015-0764-ITU-T_presentation_to_oneM2M_SC27.PPT
 System Models and Applications of
IoT
 Applications: Smart Cities, Smart Smart
Homes, Healthcare, Smart Grid Libraries,
 Physical-Cyber-Social Systems
 Machine-to-machine communications
 System Models and Standards
 IoT
• Architecture
“Physical” components / capabilities
– Sensors / Actuators
– Compute, store, communicate data
• Additional “logical” Components
– Security and dependability composition
– Time bound composition
– Cross-ownership service composition
– Policy negotiation and governance
– Federated orchestration
• Objectives
– Predictable scalability, stability, correctness, time-to-complete

Source: Rudra Datta, NCSU . Available at http://dutta.csc.ncsu.edu/iot_spring17/wrap/architecture.ppt

 IoT
•
Threats
Default, weak, and hardcoded credentials
• Firmware and OS are difficult to update
• Lack of vendor support for repairing vulnerabilities
• Web interface vulnerability
• Open ports can be vulnerable
• Error in Coding
• Distributed Denial-of-Service
• Physical theft and tampering
Source: Christopher Giles, Governance Risk Compliance Specialist, The Internet of Things (IoT) Security
Considerations for Higher Education. https://www.utdallas.edu/infosecurity/files/IoT-by-UT-Dallas-022416.pptx
 IoT Data-
•
Challenges
Multi-modal and diverse
• Noisy and unfinished
• Dependent on Time and Location
• Dynamic and varies in quality
• Crowed sourced data can be
unreliable
• Requires real-time analysis
• Privacy and security
• Data can be biased
 IoT Governance, Privacy and Security
Challenges
• The IoT’s diversity in devices, services and protocols, present challenges unseen
and unprecedented in the modern communication
• Governance and Privacy Concerns
• Security Challenges
• Autonomy
• Computational Constraints
• Discovery
• Trust Relationships
• It does not have any international compatibility standard.
• It can be highly complex resulting in failure.
• Reduced safety for users.
• Internet of Things device may take control of life in due course of time
with increasing AI technology.

Source: Kizza , Chapter 24: Internet of Things (IoT): Growth, Challenges and Security: Guide to Computer Network
Security https://www.utc.edu/faculty/joseph-kizza/docs/guide4notes/chapter24.ppt
 IoT in Libraries
• Data of Social Media used in Libraries
• E-platforms like e-resources subscriptions used by the
users scanners, printers
• Devices used by the users like laptops, tablets, smartphones,
• Library
etc. gate can be enabled with high-end sensors and are providers of IoT
• IoT, online connectivity to the membership counters
• Catalogues and OPACs are the potential IoTs for the libraries
• Fire detection and prevention devices are also potential IoTs of the libraries
• Mobile Apps and Mobile Referencing are based on IoTs
• Tracking movement of Resources and Inventory in Libraries
• Assistive Technologies used in Libraries
• Virtual and Digital Libraries are based on IoTs
 Potential Areas of IoT in
• Libraries
Library automation software – LMS
• Library management tools – all the applications
• Digitisation technology – digital libraries and virtual platforms
• Tools for search- Discovery and Federated Search provided
• Access to e-resources and publisher content
• Preservation and Digitization platforms
• Internet and Wi-Fi of Libraries
• Library websites and other electronic marketing tools, including
social media
• Mobile Applications used by Libraries
• Other digital means of communications like SMS, emails etc
Source: Bansal, Alka; Arora, Dipti; and Suri, Alka, "Internet of Things: Beginning of New Era for Libraries" (2018).
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 2081. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/2081
 Conclusion
• Libraries are now using Magic Mirror consisting of camera, sensor with Wi-Fi
enabled provides interaction between people and computers to record the data of the
users
• Pressure pad sensor consisting of a thin sheet sensor pad enabled with Wi-Fi
technology is connected to processing unit which records and controls the systems
and users activities.
• Cloud based applications are also used by the libraries which are attached to IoT
apps
• Mobile apps are now used to have the virtual tour of the library on their mobile
devices thus can be based on IoT
• Online mobile apps are used to keep and track the availability of the book on the
respective shelves or check the other resource availability despite the location
wherever they are. These are also connected to IoTs to provide the data.
• Smart books, gaming, augmented reality, and object-based learning are have
potential for IoTs in Libraries.
THANK
YOU