INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

& PSYCHOLOGY CRIMES

Prepared by : Ms. Vanessa Alejo Villaroya

Registered Criminologist
Airport Fire fighter I – Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAA)
Certified Safety and Health Officer
National Reviewer for Criminology Licensure Examination
 CRIMINOLOGY
• A body of knowledge regarding crimes, criminals and the
efforts of society to prevent and repress them.
• The scientific study of the causes of crime in relation to man
and society who set and define rules and regulations for
himself and others to govern
• According to Edwin H. Sutherland, “criminology is the entire
body of knowledge regarding crime as a social
phenomenon. It includes within its scope the process of
making of laws, of breaking of laws, and the society’s
reaction towards breaking of laws.”
 Origin of the word “Criminology”

 Etymologically, the term criminology came from the Latin

word “crimen” meaning crime and Greek word “Logos” which
means to study”

 In 1885, Rafael Garofalo, an Italian Law Professor

coined the term “Criminologia”.

 In 1889, Paul Topinard, French Anthropologist, used

the term criminology in French “criminologie” for the
first time
  Principal Divisions of Criminology

 Etiology of Crimes
the scientific analysis of the causes of crimes and the
criminal behavior.

 Sociology of Law
refers to the investigation of the nature of the criminal law
and its administration.

 Penology
the study of the control of crimes and the rehabilitation of
the offender.
 
Nature of Criminology
• It is applied science because criminology as a body of
knowledge has already established universally
accepted principles and concepts and these are used
by other field of study. (INSTRUMENTATION)

• It is a social science because it studies crime as a

social phenomenon

• Crime is a social problem which has a great impact to

society.
• It is dynamic because the concepts of
criminology and their applications adapt to the
changing time.

• It is nationalistic because the study of

criminology takes into consideration the history,
the culture and the social norms and the laws of
the country. Each country has its own set of
laws and crimes are defined by the laws of the
country.
 Study of other sciences that examine
Criminal behavior

• Criminal demography – the study of the

relationship between criminality and
population

• Criminal epidemiology – the study of the

relationship between environment and
criminality
 Study of other sciences that examine
Criminal behaviour

• Criminal ecology – the study of criminality

in relation to the spatial distribution in a
community

• Criminal physical anthropology – the study

of criminality relation to physical
constitution of men
Study of other sciences that examine Criminal
behaviour

• Criminal psychology – the study of human

behavior in relation to criminality

• Criminal psychiatry – the study of human mind

in relation to criminality

• Victimology – the study of the role of the victim

in the commission of a crime
 
Why members of the society interested in
crime?

1.Crime is pervasive (applicable to

all/spreading)
2.Crime is Expensive (expenses of
government)
3.Crime is Destructive (person / property)
4.Crime is Reflective (reflect to CJS)
 SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN
CRIMINOLOGY

Theory – set of statements devised to a

explain behavior, events or phenomenon,
especially one that has been repeatedly
tested and widely accepted

School of Thought – refers to a group of

beliefs or ideas that support a specific theory.
DEMONOLOGICAL THEORY – asserts that a person commits
wrongful acts due to the fact that he was possessed by demons.
CLASSICAL THEORY
VS
NEO CLASSICAL
 Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
• His contribution to classical school of
criminology is the concept of utilitarianism
and the felicific calculus.
• Proposed “Utilitarian Hedonism” which
explains that person always acts in such a
way to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
• Founded the concept of UTILITARIANISM –
assumes that all our actions are calculated
in accordance with their likelihood of
bringing pleasure and pain.
• Devised the pseudo-mathematical formula
called “felicific calculus” which states that
individuals are human calculators who put
all the factors into an equation in order to
decide whether a particular crime is worth
committing or not.
• He reasoned that in order to deter
individuals from committing crimes, the
punishment, or pain must be greater than
the satisfaction or pleasure, he would gain
from committing the crime.
 Utilitarianism
Is a philosophy which argues that
what is right is the one that would
cause the greatest good for the
greatest number of people.
Others refer to it as the greatest
happiness principle of utility
From this principle, Bentham
formulated the “felicific calculus”
Felicific Calculus or the pleasure-
and-pain principle- is a theory that
proposes that individuals calculate
the consequences of his actions by
weighing the pleasure (gain) and
the pain (suffering) he would derive
from doing the action.
 NEO CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY

• The theory modified the doctrine of free will by

stating the free will of men may be affected by
other factors and crime is committed due to
some compelling reasons that prevail.
• These causes are pathology, incompetence,
insanity, or any condition that will make it
impossible for the individual to exercise free will
entirely.
• In the study of legal provisions, this is termed as
either mitigating or exempting circumstances.
 POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

• The term “positivism”, refers to a method of

analysis based on the collection of observable
scientific facts.
• Positivists believe that causes of behavior can
be measured and observed
• It demands for facts and scientific proof, thus,
changing the study of crimes and criminals into
scientific approach
• Positive theorists were the first to claim the
importance of looking at individuals’
difference among criminals. These
theorists who concentrated on the
individual structures of a person, stated
that people are passive and controlled
whose behaviors are imposed upon them
by biological and environmental factors.
 
 
August Comte

Was a French philosopher and

sociologists and is believed to be the one
who reinvented the French term sociologie.

He was recognized as the “Father of

Sociology and Positivism”.
 THE HOLY THREE (3) OF
CRIMINOLOGY (LOGAFER)

1. Cesare Lombroso
2. Raffaelle Garofalo
3. Enricco Ferri
Cesare Lombroso
• Recognize as the “Father of
Modern and Empirical
Criminology” due to his
application of modern scientific
methods to trace criminal
behavior, however, most of his
ideas are now discredited.
• Known for the concept of
atavistic stigmata (the physical
features of creatures at an
earlier stage of development)
• He claimed that criminals are
distinguishable from non-
criminals due to the presence of
atavistic stigmata and crimes
committed by those who are
born with certain recognizable
heredity traits.
According to his theory, criminals
are usually in possession of:
1. huge jaws
2. strong canine teeth
3. the arm span of criminals is often
greater than their height
4. just like that of apes who use their
forearms to push themselves along
the ground.
5. Other physical stigmata include
deviation in head size and shape,
asymmetry of the face, excessive
dimensions of the jaw and
cheekbones, eye defects and
peculiarities, ears of unusual size,
nose twisted, upturned or flattened
in thieves or aquiline or beaklike in
murderers, flashy lips, swollen and
protruding, and pouches in the
cheek like those of animals toes
Lombroso’s work supported the idea that
the criminal was a biological and
physically inferior person
 
 According to him, there are three (3) classes of
criminals:

Born criminals – individuals with at least five (5) atavistic

stigmata

Insane criminals – those who became criminals because

of some brain defect which affected their ability to
understand and differentiate what is right from what is
wrong.

Criminaloids – those with makeup of an ambiguous group

that includes habitual criminals, criminals by passion and
other diverse types
BORN CRIMINALS
INSANE CRIMINALS
CRIMINOLOIDS
Enrico Ferri
• He focused his study on the influences of
psychological factors and sociological factors
such as economics on crimes.

• He believed that criminals could not be held

morally responsible because they did not
choose to commit crimes, but rather were
driven to commit crimes by conditions in their
lives.
Raffaelle Garofallo
• He treated the roots of the criminals’
behavior not to physical features but to
their psychology equivalent, which he
referred to as moral anomalies.
• He rejected the doctrine free will
• Classified criminals as Murderers, Violent
Criminals, Deficient Criminals, and
Lascivious Criminals.
THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION
 BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
This refers to the set of theories that point to
physical, psychological and other natural factors as
the causes for the commission of crimes of certain
individuals.

This explanation for the existence of criminal traits

associates an individual’s evil disposition to
physical disfigurement or impairment.
Physiognomy – the study of facial features and their
relation to human behavior.

Giambiatista dela Porta

• Founder of human physiognomy
• According to him, criminal behavior may be
predicted based on facial features of the person.

Johann Kaspar Lavater

• Supported the belief of dela Porta
• He believed that a person’s character is revealed
through his facial characteristics.
Phrenology, craniology or Cranioscopy – the study of
the external formation of the skull in relation to the
person’s personality and tendencies toward criminal
behavior.
 
Franz Joseph Gall
• He developed CRAINIOSCOPY which was later
renamed as phrenology.
Johann Kaspar Spurzheim
• Assistant of Gall in the study of phrenology.
• he was the man most responsible for popularizing
and spreading phrenology to a wide audience
Physiology or Somatotype – refers to the study of body
build of a person in relation to his temperament and
personality and the type of offense he is most prone to
commit.

Ernst Kretschmer
- he distinguished three(3) principal types of physiques:
asthenic, athletic, pyknic and dysplastic.
a. asthenic – characterized as thin, small and weak.
b. athletic – muscular and strong
c. pyknic – stout, round and fat.
d. dysplastic – combination of two body types
William Herbert Sheldon
Formulated his own group of somatotype:
ectomorph, mesomorph and endomorph

Ectomorph – tall and thin less social and more

intellectual than the other types,
Mesomorph – have well-developed muscles
and an athletic appearance.
Endomorph – heavy builds and slow moving.
Heredity – the transmission of traits
from parents to offspring.

Genetic – The scientific study of how

genes control the characteristics of
plants and animals.
Richard Louis
Dugdale
- conducted a study of the
Jukes family by researching
their family tree as far back
200 years. He discovered
that most of the ascendants
of the Jukes were criminals
Henry Goddard
he traced the descendants
of the Martin Kalikak from
each of his two wives and
found a distinct difference in
terms of quality of lives of
descendants.
He coined the term “moron”.
Charles goring
• he believed that criminal traits can be passed
from parents to offspring through the genes.

• he proposed that individuals who possess

criminal characteristics should be prohibited
from having children.
 
 INTELLIGENCE AS A FACTOR IN
CRIMINALITY

The classic studies of the Juke and Kalikak families

were among the first to show the feeblemindedness or
low intelligence can be inherited and transferred from
one generation to the next. Numerous test were also
conducted that lead to the development of the use of IQ
tests as a testing procedure for offenders. The very first
results seemed to confirm that offenders had low mental
abilities and they were found to be mentally impaired.
ALFRED BINET – a French psychologist
who developed the first IQ test.

The test measured the capacity of

individual children to perform tasks or
solve problems in relation to the average
capacity of their peers
 According to Sigmund Freud there are three parts of personality.

ID – this stands for instinctual drives; it is governed by the “pleasure principle”

the id impulses are not social and must be repressed or adapted so that they
may become socially acceptable

EGO – this is considered to be the sensible and responsible part of an

individual’s personality and is governed by the “reality principle” it is
developed early in life and compensates for the demands of the id by helping
the individual guide his actions to remain within the boundaries of accepted
social behavior, it is the objective, rational part of the personality.

SUPEREGO – serves as the “moral conscience “of an individual; it is

structured by what values were taught by the parents, the school and the
community, as well as belief in God; it is largely responsible for making a
person follow the moral codes of society.
 SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

Sociological factors refers to things,

places and people with whom we come
in contact with and which play a part in
determining our actions and conduct.
These causes may bring about the
development of criminal behavior.
Emile Durkheim
• he stated that crime is a normal part of the society just like birth and death.
• proposed the concept of “anomie” or the absence of social norms. It is characterized by
disorder due to lack of common values shared by individuals, lack of respect for authority
and lack of appreciation for what is acceptable and not acceptable in society.
 
Gabriel Tarde
• introduced the theory of imitation which proposes the process by which people become
criminals.
• according to this theory, individuals imitate the behavior of other individuals based on
the degree of their association with other individuals and it is inferior or weak who tend to
imitate the superior or strong.
 
Adolphe Quetelet and Andre Michael Guerry
• he repudiated the free will doctrine of the classicists
• founder of cartographic school of criminology
• founder of moral statistics.
• cartographic school of criminology made use of statistical data such as population, age,
gender, occupation, religious affiliations and social economic status and studies their
influences and relationship to criminality.
 SOCIAL
STRUCTURE
THEORIES

SOCIAL STRAIN CULTURAL

DISORGANIZATION DEVIANCE
THEORY
THEORY THEORY

• Lower class
• Clifford Shaw & Henry • Frustration
• Anger deprivation
Mckay • Poverty
• Resentment
• • Create their own sub
• Urban areas ROBERT
• Broken Homes MERTON culture
• Unemployment

• Poverty
 ROBERT MERTON’S DEVIANCE
MEANS
ACCEPT REJECT
ACCEPT

CONFIRMITY INNOVATION
(CONFIRMIST) (INNOVATOR)
GOALS

RITUALISM RETREATISM
REJECT

(RITUALIST) (RETREATIST)
 REJECT THE GOAL

NEW GOALS
O N
I
REJECT THE MEANS

L L
B E
RE
NEW MEANS
 SOCIAL
PROCESS
THEORY

DIFFERENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL
ASSOCIATION REINFORCEMENT NEUTRALIZATION
THEORY THEORY (DRIFT THEORY)

• Edwin Sutherland • How people • People know if they

reacts? are doing wrong
• Socialization
• Improper • Rationalized
• Interaction
system of giving
• Justify
PRICE,
• David Matza &
REWARDS &
PUNISHMENT Gresham aSykes
• Developed
by :Ron Akers
SOCIAL CONTROL
THEORY

INNER /OUTER forces has power to

CONTAINMENT influence their actions
THEORY (WALTER RECKLESS)

SOCIAL BOND
THEORY BIAC
(TRAVIS HIRSCHI)
B- ELIEF
(Bad or Good belief)

I -NVOLVEMENT
(Actual time spent in the community)

A- TTACHMENT
(Emotional bond/family)

C- OMMITMENT
(Commitment in the community can make a person less deviant)
 SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES
• refers not only to the physical features of the
communities but also the way the society is
organized
• include such things as level of poverty and
unemployment and the amount of crowded
housing which are believed to affect behavior
and attitudes of individuals which in turn
contribute to their commission of crimes.
• also called social environment
• includes social disorganization theory, strain
theory and cultural deviance theory.
 Social Disorganization Theory

• popularized by Clifford Shaw and Henry Mckay.

• according to this theory, crimes in urban areas are more
prevalent because residents have impersonal
relationships with each other.
• increase in the number of broken families and single
parenthood are also very common in disorganized
communities.
• Another feature of disorganized community is poverty
as evidenced by poor living conditions such as rundown
houses, unsanitary and unsightly streets and high
unemployment rates.
 Strain Theory

• Strain refers to the individual’s frustration, anger and

resentment.
• holds that crime is a function of the conflict between
the goals people have and the means they can use to
legally obtain them. This also argues that the ability to
obtain these goals is class dependent;
• members of the lower class are unable to achieve
these goals which come easily to those belonging to
the upper class. Consequently, they feel anger,
frustration and resentment, referred to as STRAIN.
 Cultural Deviance Theory
• gives emphasis on the concept of culture
and sub-culture.
• according to this theory, because people
in the lower class feel isolated due to
extreme deprivation or poverty. they tend
to create a sub-culture with its own set of
rules and values. This is characterized by
deviant behavior which results in criminal
behavior among its members
 SOCIAL PROCESS THEORY
• refers to a group of theories which point to the
individuals socialization process as the cause for
the commission of crimes.
• These theories cite interaction with people and
experiences and exposure to different element in
the environment as primary factors to criminality.
• under this theory is the social learning theory
which in turn has three (3) sub-theories:
differential association theory, differential
reinforcement theory and neutralization theory.
a. Differential Association Theory
- formulated by Edwin Sutherland
-this theory states that criminal behavior is learned through socialization.
- criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of
communication.

b. Differential Reinforcement Theory

-according to this theory, individual’s behavior depends on how people around
him react towards his behavior.
- an act that is rewarded is repeated; an act that is punished will be avoided.

c. Neutralization Theory
- introduced by David Matza and Gresham Sykes.
- sometimes referred to as “drift theory”
- according to this theory, people know when they are doing something wrong,
however, they rationalize and justify their actions. This rationalizing is what we
called “neutralization”
 
 SOCIAL REACTION THEORY

• More commonly called labeling theory

• it states that people become criminals

when significant members of society
label them as such and they accept
those labels as a personal identity.
 SOCIAL CONTROL THEORIES
• maintain that everyone has the potential to become
criminal but most people are controlled by their
bonds to society.

• social control refers to the agencies of social control

such as family, school, religion or church,
government and laws and other identified authorities
in society.

• there are two (2) sub-theories: containment theory

and social bond theory.
 Containment Theory
• proposed by Walter Reckless
• he stated that inner and outer containments help
prevent juvenile offending.
• containment means the forces within and outside
the individual that has the power to influence his
actions.
• inner containments include positive self-concept,
tolerance for frustration and an ability to set
realistic goal.
• outer containments include family.
 Routine Activities Theory
• Develop by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson
• The view that crime is a normal function of the
ROUTINE ACTIVITIES of modern living.

 The availability of suitable targets

 The presence of motivated offender
 The absence of capable guardians
Routine Activities Theory

Motivated offender Lack of Capable Guardian

CRIME

Suitable target
The broken windows theory 

is a criminological theory that states

that visible signs of crime, anti-social
behavior, and civil disorder create an
urban environment that encourages
further crime and disorder, including
serious crimes.
BROKEN WINDOW
THEORY
PRINCIPLE:
If broken window is left
unattended crime
increases in the area

WHY :
People assumes no one
care on that area so
they can do whatever
they want
 CRIMES AND CRIMINALS

CRIME – refers to an act committed or

omitted in violation of public law (Phil. Law
Dictionary).
It also refers to an act committed or omitted in
violation of public law forbidding or
commanding it (Reyes 2006)
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES

LEGAL CLASSIFICATIONS
According to law violated

Felony – an act or omission punishable by law which is

committed by means of dolo (deceit) or culpa (fault)
and punishable under the Revised Penal Code
Offense – an act or omission in violation of a special
law
Infraction – an act or omission in violation of a city or
municipal ordinance
 CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
According to the manner of committing crime:
• By means of dolo or deceit – if the crime is
committed with deliberate intent. Thus, it is
called intentional felonies.
o Freedom or voluntaries
o Intelligence
o Intent
 CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
By means of culpa or fault
-felonies committed by means of culpa (fault)
-the act or omission of the offender is not malicious and
the injury caused by the offender is not malicious and
the injury caused by the offender is unintentional, it being
the simply the incident of another act performed without
malice
o Lack of foresight
o Lack of skill
o Negligence
o Imprudence
 CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
According to the stages in the commission
• Attempted – the crime is attempted when the offender
commences the commission of a felony directly or over acts,
and does not perform all the acts of execution which should
produce the felony by reason of some cause or accident other
than this own spontaneous desistance.
• Frustrated – when the offender performs all the acts of
execution which would produce the felony as a consequence
but which, nevertheless do not produce it by reason of causes
independent of the will of the perpetrator.
• Consummated – when all the elements necessary for its
accomplishments and execution are present
According to plurality:

Simple crime – is a single act constituting

only one offense.

Complex crime – single act constituting two

or more grave felonies or an is a necessary
means for committing the other.
 
According to gravity:
• Grave felonies – are those to which the law
attaches the capital punishment or penalties
which in any of their period are afflictive.
• Less grave felonies – are those which the law
punishes with penalties which in their maximum
period are correctional.
• Light felonies - are infraction of laws for the
commission of which the penalty of arresto
menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos or both
is provided
 CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
OF CRIME
According to the result of the crime

 Acquisitive crime – if the offender acquired or gained

something by committing the crime. Examples are
robbery, estafa, bribery, etc.
 Destructive crime – if the crime resulted in
destruction, damage or even death. Examples are
arson, murder and homicide, damage to property,
etc
 CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
OF CRIME
According to the time or period of commission

 Seasonal crimes – are times that happen only during

a particular season or period of the year. Examples
are violation of election law, tax law violations, etc.
 Situational crimes – are crimes committed when the
situation is conducive to the commission of the crime
and there is an opportunity to commit it. Examples
are pickpocketing, theft, etc.
According to the nature of the act:

 Crimes mala in se – are acts that are

inherently evil.
Examples are murder, robbery, etc.
 Crimes mala prohibita – are acts which are
prohibited only because there are laws
forbidding such acts.
Examples are illegal possession of firearms, traffic
violations, etc
 CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
OF CRIME
According to the length of time of the commission:

 Instant crimes – are those crimes that can be

committed in a very short time. Example: theft
 Episoidal crimes – are crimes committed
through series of acts or episodes and in much
longer time. Examples: serious illegal detention
 CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
OF CRIME
According to place or location:

 Static crimes – are committed only in one

place examples are theft and robbery
 Continuing crimes – are crimes that take
place in more than one place or several
places, examples: abduction, kidnapping,
etc.
 CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
OF CRIME
According to the use of mental faculties:

 Rational crimes – when the offender is capable

of knowing what he is doing and
understanding the consequences of his
actions.
 Irrational crimes – when the offender suffers
from any form of mental disorders, insanity or
abnormality. Thus, the offender doesn’t know
what he is doing.
 CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
OF CRIME
According to the type of offender:
White collar crimes – crimes committed by those
persons belonging to the upper socio-economic
status or in the course of his occupational
activities.
Blue collar crimes – are those crimes committed
by ordinary criminals as a means of livelihood.
CRIMINAL
• In the legal sense, a criminal is any person
who has been found to have committed a
wrongful act in the course of the standard
judicial process; there must be a final
verdict of his guilt

• In the criminological sense, a person is

already considered a criminal the moment
he committed a crime
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIMINALS
 According to etiology
1. Acute criminal – is a person who committed
crime as a result of reacting to a situation or
during a moment of anger or burst of feeling
2. Chronic criminal – is one who committed a
crime with intent or deliberated thinking.
• Neurotic criminal – is one who has mental disorder
• Normal criminal – a person who commits crimes
because he looks up to, idolizes people who are
criminals
 According to the type of offender

• Ordinary criminal – a criminal who engages in

crimes which do not require specialized or
technical skill
• Organized criminal – is one who possesses
some skills and know-how which enable him
to commit crimes and evade detection.
• Professional criminal – a highly skilled
criminals which are engaged in a large scale
criminal activities and usually operate in
groups.
 According to criminal activities
• Professional criminal – a criminal who earns his
leaving through criminal activities.
• Situational criminal – a person who got involved
in criminal act because the situation presented
itself.
• Habitual criminal – one who repeatedly
commits criminal act for different reasons
• Accidental criminal – a person who accidentally
violated the law due to some circumstances
 THE EARLY CODES
CODE OF HAMMURABI
• Hammurabi, the king of Babylon during the eighteenth
century BC, is recognized as the first codifier of laws
• It provides the first comprehensive view of the laws in
the early days.
• The Code was carved in stone
• The “law of talion” or the principle of “tit for tat”, (an eye
for an eye, tooth for a tooth) appears throughout the
Code,
• Under the principle of the law of talion, the punishment
should be the same as the harm inflicted on the victim
CODE OF DRAKON
• Knows as the “ultimate in severity”
• Codified by Drakon, the Athenian lawgiver of the
seventh century BC
LAWS OF SOLON
• Solon was appointed archon and was given legislative
powers
• Solon repealed all the laws of the Code of Drakon,
except the law on homicide
• Solon was one of the first to see that a law giver had to
make laws that applied equally to all citizens and also
saw that the law of punishment had to maintain
proportionality to the crimes committed
ROMES TWELVE TABLES
• Roman law began with twelve tables which
were written in the middle of the sixth century
BC
• The twelve tables were the foundation of all
laws in Rome and written in tablets of bronze
• The twelve tables were drafted by the
Decemvirs, a body of men composed of
patricians
 
Principal Parts of the RPC

It is composed of two book; book one which is

composed of Articles 1-113 and book two covering
Articles 114-367
 
Articles 1-20 – principles affecting criminal liability
Articles 21- 113 – penalties including criminal and
civil liability
Articles 114-367 - felonies
“Gods stands when all else has fallen.”
-VAV
Thank you ! 