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Dnspresentation 140806134953 Phpapp02

The document discusses how domain name system (DNS) works to translate domain names to IP addresses. It explains that when a user enters a domain name, the local DNS server first checks its cache and if it doesn't find the IP address, it queries root and other DNS servers in a hierarchical manner until it gets the correct IP address mapped to the domain name. This process ensures names are globally retrievable while data is maintained locally.

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Shubham phulia
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65 views22 pages

Dnspresentation 140806134953 Phpapp02

The document discusses how domain name system (DNS) works to translate domain names to IP addresses. It explains that when a user enters a domain name, the local DNS server first checks its cache and if it doesn't find the IP address, it queries root and other DNS servers in a hierarchical manner until it gets the correct IP address mapped to the domain name. This process ensures names are globally retrievable while data is maintained locally.

Uploaded by

Shubham phulia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Addresses are used to locate objects

 N a m e s are easier to r e m e m b e r than


numbers

 Y o u would like to get to the address or


other objects using a n a m e

 D N S provides a m a pping from n a m e s


to resources of several types
 Domain name is a way to identify and locate computers connected to internet

 No two organizations can have same domain name

 A domain name always consists of two or more components separated by


periods called dots (.)
EXAMPLE: www.yahoo.co.in, www.facebook.com etc.

 Once a domain has been established subdomains can be created within the
domain
EXAMPLE: The domain for the large company could be “Vni.com” and within this
domain subdomains can be created for each of the company’s regional office.
Eg: Bombay.vni.com
 Last name. subdomain. second-level domain. top-
level domain
E X A M P L E : vijay.Bombay.vni.com
IP address of
www.google.c
o m
T o p level domains are classified into 3
categories:

 Organizational or generic domains

 Geographical or country domains

 Reverse domains
 It consists of three character code which indicates the
primary function of the organization or their generic
behavior
 Most

.com cfor
o m mcoonmlmye rused
c ial top level domainsegare:
 .net organization for networking w ww .y ah oo .co m
 .gov organizations for eg
eg www.newjersey.gov
www.zedge.net
 .edu gover n m e nt organizations eg w ww.uducause.edu
 .org for educational eg
 .mil organizations www.eklavya.org eg
for international
 .int for non- c o m m e r cial www.dod.mil
organizations
organizations for military eg www.itu.int
 It consists of two characters which represents
different countries/regions all around the world
 T h e s e codes have been standardized by International
Standard O rganizational (ISO)
EXAMPLE:

 .in India
 .jp
 .us Japan
 .fr United
 .it States
 .c france
n Italy
 It
is a special domain n a m e in-addr.apra that is
used translate the IP address to fully qualified
domain n a m e

EXAMPLE:
1.4.220.134 in-addr.apra will return sunc.scit.wlv.
Here 1.4.220.134 is the IP address that is m a p p e d
to its n a m e sunc.scit.wlv.at.uk with the help of in-
addr.apra domain.
 Each domain n a m e has a corresponding IP address

 W h e n the user types the d o m a in n a m e in the address


bar, the corresponding IP address is supplied. Such a
translation is possible with the help of system called
D N S (DOMAIN N A M E SYSTEM)

 DEFINITION:

“DOMAIN N A M E S Y S T E M is a collection of the


databases that contain information about domain
n a m e s and their
 W h e n an application program needs to communicate
with other computer, it needs to translate the n a m e
and the other computer into its IP address. T h e
applications program that requests the service then
b ec om es the client of D N S .

 It then sends the request to D N S server. T h e server


looks up the n a m e and then returns correct IP
address.

 A large numbe r of D N S servers m a y be involved to get


the right IP address. After receiving the correct IP
address, the c o m m unication between two computers
root DNS
server

1. When you type name www.yahoo.com into your


browser it asks local DNS server (at ISP’s end) 2
3 com DNS
for its IP address.
server
4
2. When local DNS server does not find the IP
address of given name, it forwards request to
root DNS server and again enquire about IP
address of it. local DNS server
At ISP End

3. The root DNS server replies “ I do not know 1


the IP address of www.yahoo.com but know the
IP address of the com DNS server”.
Yahoo.com DNS server
4. The local DNS then asks the com DNS server
for IP address DNS client requesting for
www.yahoo.com

14
root DNS
server

5. The com DNS server replies with same


answer it does not know the IP address of 2
3 com DNS
www.yahoo.com but know the IP address of
server
yahoo.com DNS server which is then return to 4
local DNS server.
5
6. The local DNS server then ask the yahoo.com
local DNS server
DNS server for IP address At ISP End
6
7
7. It then replies with IP address 1 8
corresponding to www.yahoo.com which it
has
8. The local DNS server then sends this IP Yahoo.com DNS server
address back to the client computer that send
the request DNS client requesting for
www.yahoo.com
 Data is maintained locally, but
retrievable globally

 N o single computer has all D N S data

 D N S lookups can be performed by any


device

 R em ot e D N S data is locally catchable


to improve performance
 N o limit to the size of the database

 O n e server has over 20,000,000 n a m e s

 N o limit to the number of queries

 24,000 queries per second handled easily

 Queries distributed a m o n g masters, slaves,


and caches
 Database can be updated dynamically
 A dd/delete/modify of any record

 Modification of the master database


triggers replication
 O nly master can be dynamically updated
 Creates a single point of failure
 Data is replicated
 Data from master is copied to multiple
slaves

 Clients can query


 M a ster server
 A n y of the copies at slave servers

 Clients will typically query local caches

 D N S protocols can use either U D P or T C P


 If U D P , D N S protocol handles
retransmission, sequencing, etc.
 T h e database is always internally consistent
 Each version of a subset of the database (a
zone) has a serial number
 T h e serial number is incremented on

each database change

 Changes to the master copy of the database


are replicated according to timing set by
the zone administrator

 Cached data expires according to timeout set


by zone administrator

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