UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science & Engineering)-CSBS
Network Operating System
CST-397
Dayal Chandra Sati (E13263)

Introduction to DNS DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 COURSE OBJECTIVES
The Course aims to:
1. Make students learn about basics of Networks and Operating system
concepts that will help them to understand the requirements of
Network Operating System.

2. Make students learn about deployment of Network Operating

System’s roles and services.

3. Facilitate students in building analytical and creative thinking so that

they can move themselves in the field of core server usage for social
and technical reasons.
 COURSE OUTCOMES
CO Title Level
Number
CO1 Students will recall basic concepts of Networks, Understand &
Operating System and to build up the basic concepts of Remember
Network Operating System.
CO2 Student would be able to deploy Server 2008/2012 and Implement
make use of it as a technical platform.
CO3 Students will prepare themselves for placements in Apply
Companies focusing on Networking and Server
environment and further being research oriented in the
field of Computer Networks.
CO4 analyze the working of virtual machines Analyze
CO5 Identify the role of active directory Analyze
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 DNS IN THE INTERNET
DNS is a protocol that can be used in different platforms. In the Internet,
the domain name space (tree) is divided into three different sections:
generic domains, country domains, and the inverse domain.

Topics discussed in this section:

Generic Domain
Country Domain
Inverse Domain

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DNS IN THE INTERNET

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Generic domains

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Generic domain labels

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 Country domains

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Curtesy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains
 Inverse domain
•Used to map address to a name.
•Query of this type is inverse /pointer (PTR) query.
Representation of IP 132.34.45.121 in Inverse Domain

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 RESOLUTION

Mapping a name to an address or an address to a name is called name-

address resolution.

Topics discussed in this section:

Resolver
Mapping Names to Addresses
Mapping Addresses to Names
Recursive Resolution
Caching

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Recursive resolution(DNS client –Local DNS Server

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 Iterative resolution(Local DNS Server-Other DNS Servers)
When we type www.tutorialspoint.com into the browser, it asks the local DNS Server for its IP address.
Here the local DNS is at ISP end.
When the local DNS does not find the IP address of requested domain name, it forwards the request to
the root DNS server and again enquires about IP address of it.
The root DNS server replies with delegation that I do not know the IP address of www.tutorialspoint.com
but know the IP address of com DNS Server.
The local DNS server then asks the com DNS Server the same question.
The com DNS Server replies the same that it does not know the IP address of www.tutorialspoint.com
but knows the address of tutorialspoint.com.
 Then the local DNS asks the tutorialspoint.com DNS server the same question.
Then tutorialspoint.com DNS server replies with IP address of www.tutorialspoint.com.
Now, the local DNS sends the IP address of www.tutorialspoint.com to the computer that sends the
request.
Curtesy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains 13
Iterative resolution

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 Caching only Servers in DNS
Caching is a method where an answer to a query is stored in memory for a limited time for easy
access to future requests.
Caching increases efficiency of Name resolution
All DNS Servers cache the results of their queries.
Some DNS Servers are put into place to provide only this caching function. The Caching-only DNS
server does not contain zone information or a zone database file.
The Caching-only server only contains information based on the results of queries that it has already
performed.
Caching-only DNS Servers can be set up quickly
All DNS servers have a cache.dns file that contains the IP addresses of all Internet root servers
It adds to the cache as it issues iterative queries when responding to client requests to resolve Fully
Qualified Domain Names to IP addresses. After the FQDNs are resolved to IP addresses, this information
is stored in the DNS Server cache.
They do not participate in zone transfer, and therefore there is no zone transfer traffic
Caching-only servers do not require expert administration.
To gain the most benefit from a Caching-only DNS Server, you must not reboot the computer.
Be sure to include fault-tolerance mechanisms such as an UPS and redundant power supplies on such
a machine.

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DNS ZONES
DNS DELEGATION
• For a DNS server to answer queries about any name, it must have a direct or indirect path to every
zone in the namespace.
• These paths are created by means of delegation.
• A delegation is a record in a parent zone that lists a name server that is authoritative for the
zone in the next level of the hierarchy.
• Delegations make it possible for servers in one zone to refer clients to servers in other zones. The
following illustration shows one example of delegation.

 The DNS root server hosts the root zone

represented as a dot ( . ).
 The root zone contains a delegation to a zone in
the next level of the hierarchy, the com zone.
 The delegation in the root zone tells the DNS root
server that, to find the com zone, it must contact
the Com server.
 Likewise, the delegation in the com zone tells the
Com server that, to find the contoso.com zone, it
must contact the Contoso server.
• A delegation uses two types of records. The name server (NS) resource record provides the name
of an authoritative server. Host (A) and host (AAAA) resource records provide IP version 4 (IPv4)
and IP version 6 (IPv6) addresses of an authoritative server.

• This system of zones and delegations creates a hierarchical tree that represents the DNS
namespace. Each zone represents a layer in the hierarchy, and each delegation represents a
branch of the tree.
• By using the hierarchy of zones and delegations, a DNS root server can find any name in the
DNS namespace. The root zone includes delegations that lead directly or indirectly to all other
zones in the hierarchy. Any server that can query the DNS root server can use the information
in the delegations to find any name in the namespace.
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 DNS MESSAGES

DNS has two types of messages: query and response. Both types have the
same format. The query message consists of a header and question records;
the response message consists of a header, question records, answer
records, authoritative records, and additional records.

Topics discussed in this section:

Header

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Query and response messages

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 REGISTRARS

How are new domains added to DNS? This is done through a registrar, a
commercial entity accredited by ICANN. A registrar first verifies that the
requested domain name is unique and then enters it into the DNS database.
A fee is charged.

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Note
DNS can use the services of UDP using the well-known port 53.

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REFERENCES

1. Reference Book: Behrouz A.Forouzan

2. Video Lecture on YouTube URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhC62Lm2338

3. Relevant Web Link

1.https://www.tutorialspoint.com/internet_technologies/internet_domain_name_system.htm

2. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/domain-name-system-dns-in-application-layer/

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THANK YOU

For queries
Email: dayal.e13263@cumail.in
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