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Distributed Systems: Introduction - Module 1

The document provides an introduction to distributed systems. It discusses that from 1945 until 1985, computers were large and expensive but the development of microprocessors and computer networks allowed thousands of machines to be connected. A distributed system is defined as a collection of independent computers that appear as a single computer to users. Key characteristics are multiple computers, interconnections, and shared state. Examples of distributed systems include web search engines, massively multiplayer online games, and financial trading networks.

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Sanjay Kumar K 19MID0073
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31 views13 pages

Distributed Systems: Introduction - Module 1

The document provides an introduction to distributed systems. It discusses that from 1945 until 1985, computers were large and expensive but the development of microprocessors and computer networks allowed thousands of machines to be connected. A distributed system is defined as a collection of independent computers that appear as a single computer to users. Key characteristics are multiple computers, interconnections, and shared state. Examples of distributed systems include web search engines, massively multiplayer online games, and financial trading networks.

Uploaded by

Sanjay Kumar K 19MID0073
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Distributed systems

Introduction – Module 1
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS - Introduction

• From 1945, when the modern computer era began, until about 1985 computers were
large and expensive.
• The first was the development of powerful microprocessors. Initially these were 8-bit
machines but soon 16-, 32-, and 64-bit CPUs became common.
• The second development was the invention of high-speed computer networks.
• Local-area networks or LANs allow thousands of machines within a building to be
connected in such a way that small amounts of information can be transferred in a few
microseconds or so. Larger amounts of data can be moved between machines at rates of
billions of bits per second (bps).
• Wide-area networks or WANs allow hundreds of millions of machines all over the earth to
be connected at speeds varying from tens of thousands to hundreds of millions bps.
Definition
• A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that
appear to the users of the system as a single computer.
[Andrew Tanenbaum]

• A distributed system is several computers doing something together.


Thus, a distributed system has three primary characteristics: multiple
computers, interconnections, and shared state.
[Michael Schroeder]
Definition
• A distributed system is a collection of autonomous computing
elements that appears to its users as a single coherent system.
• The first one is that a distributed system is a collection of computing
elements each being able to behave independently of each other. A
computing element, which we will generally refer to as a node, can be
either a hardware device or a software process.
• A second feature is that users (be they people or applications) believe
they are dealing with a single system. This means that one way or
another the autonomous nodes need to collaborate.
Definition

“Distributed system as one in which hardware or software components


located at networked computers communicate and coordinate their
actions only by passing messages”
Networks
• Mobile phone networks, corporate networks, factory networks,
campus networks, home networks, in-car networks

Significant Consequences of DS:

1. Concurrency
2. No global clock
3. Independent failures
Common Goals:
• Heterogeneity – can the system handle a large variety of types of PCs and devices?
• Robustness – is the system resilient to host crashes and failures, and to the network dropping
messages?
• Availability – are data+services always there for clients?
• Transparency – can the system hide its internal workings from the users?
• Concurrency – can the server handle multiple clients simultaneously?
• Efficiency – is the service fast enough? Does it utilize 100% of all resources?
• Scalability – can it handle 100 million nodes without degrading service? (nodes=clients
and/or servers) How about 6 B? More?
• Security – can the system withstand hacker attacks?
• Openness – is the system extensible?
Example of Distributed system
• Web search
• Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs)
• Financial trading
Selected application domains and associated networked applications:

1. Finance and commerce – Amazon, ebay - PayPal


2. The information society – Google(Search engine, google books) 
YouTube, Wikipedia
3. Creative industries and Entertainment – Online gaming
4. Healthcare – Telemedicine, Remote diagnosing
5. Education – E-learning (Virtual learning environment)
6. Transport and logistics – Googlemap, Googleearth
7. Science – Storage, analysing, processing of scientific data
8. Environmental management – Sensor technology (Earthquake)
Web Search
• an underlying physical infrastructure consisting of very large numbers of
networked computers located at data centres all around the world;
• a distributed file system designed to support very large files and heavily
optimized for the style of usage required by search and other Google
applications (especially reading from files at high and sustained rates);
• an associated structured distributed storage system that offers fast access
to very large datasets; a lock service that offers distributed system functions
such as distributed locking and agreement;
• a programming model that supports the management of very large parallel
and distributed computations across the underlying physical infrastructure.
Massively multiplayer online games
(MMOGs)
• Leading examples of such games include Sony’s EverQuest II and EVE
Online from the Finnish company CCP Games. Such worlds have
increased significantly in sophistication and now include, complex
playing arenas
• for example EVE, Online consists of a universe with over 5,000 star
systems and multifarious social and economic systems. The number of
players is also rising, with systems able to support over 50,000
simultaneous online players (and the total number of players perhaps
ten times this figure).
Financial Trading

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