Meeting Agenda For VAD

1) Pump Selection for VAD

• Biomedical Considerations
• Mechanical and Biomedical Comparison
between Axial and Centrifugal pump.

2) Searching Into Centrifugal Pump’s

Impeller and Housing Design
 Biomedical
Requirements
Biomedical Requirements :
1-Cardiac output: CO
describes the volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular by the left or
right ventricle , per unit time.

the heart rate  (HR), or the number of heart beats per minute (bpm),

the stroke volume(SV), which is the volume of blood pumped from the ventricle per beat; 

For a healthy person weighing 70 kg,

With a heart rate of 70 beats/min,
the stroke volume is 70 mL.
the cardiac output at rest is about 5 L/min
 Ventricle Volumes
Measure
Right ventricle Left ventricle

End-diastolic volume)relaxation ) 144 mL(± 23 mL) 142 mL (± 21 mL)

End-systolic volume (contraction) 50 mL (± 14 mL) 47 mL (± 10 mL)
Stroke volume(volume of blood pumped from the
ventricle per beat) 94 mL (± 15 mL) 95 mL (± 14 mL)

Heart rate (the number of heart beats per minute ) 60–100 bpm 60–100 bpm
Cardiac output 4.0–8.0 L/minute 4.0–8.0  L/minute

Cardiac Chamber Volumes and their Significance in

Rheumatic Heart Disease with Isolated Mitral Stenosis
By Louis A. SOLOFF, MI.D., AND JACOB ZATUICHNI, M.D.
Bio medical requirements :
2-pressures within the heart : Normal Blood Pressure (120/80 mmHg)=(0.16/0.106
bar) Pump is needed to supply the aortic pressure

systolic blood pressure

diastolic blood pressure

Biomedical Requirements :

3-control pressure & flow rate :

Pump is required to supply flow rates &
pressures at variable numbers
Biomedical Requirements :
4- Pump Thrombosis :
• where blood clots form at the blood-device interface

Effects :
• The annual incidence of pump thrombosis in LVAD patients exceeds 10%
• Cause turbulent flow
• Increase in device power consumption
• inability to unload the LV
• insufficient blood to aorta

Solution:
• Modern LVAD surface area has been scaled down
• impeller profiles have been adjusted
• less reactive surface materials have been chosen.

Cardiac Assist Devices: Early Concepts, Current Technologies, and Future Innovations
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
Biomedical Requirements :
5- Bleeding:
 
• Around 36%of patients will have at least one
bleeding episode in the first year after continuous-flow LVAD
implantation

Solution:

• control the source of bleeding

• Make the components as small as possible
• Good surface finish
• Sealing ducts & drivelines

Cardiac Assist Devices: Early Concepts, Current Technologies, and Future Innovations
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
Biomedical Requirements :
6-Hemolysis :
 
• is the destruction of red blood cells &
• the release of hemoglobin into the bloodstream.
• Normal red blood cells have a lifespan of about 120 days.
• After they die they break down and are removed from the
circulation by the spleen.

Safe limit :
• The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recommended a
maximum of 1% hemolysis for RBCs

Solution:
• Reduce rpm of the motor
• Smooth profile of blades

Cardiac Assist Devices: Early Concepts, Current Technologies, and Future Innovations
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
 COMPARISON BETWEEN
AXIAL PUMP & CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP
PUMPS TYPE:

Centrifugal pump
Dynamic head
pumps
PUMPS Axial pump
Positive
displacement pumps
(1) CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CLASSIFICATION:
• It is a Dynamic pressure Head pump converts the
mechanical power to Hydraulic power .
• The suction is in the axial direction and the
discharge is in the radial direction.
• Centrifugal pumps used in applications which
need high flow rate and high pressure head with
low viscosity fluids.
• Pump components:
(Impeller, guide vanes, and diffuser casing (volute))
(1) CENTRIFUGAL PUMP:
The performance curve of Centrifugal pump :

• The large head comes with the small flow rate

• The max shaft power comes with the
large flow rate.
• The shaft power increases gradually by
Increasing the flow rate.
• High efficiency.
 (2) AXIAL PUMP CLASSIFICATION:
Axial flow pump:
• It is a Dynamic pressure Head pump converts the
mechanical power to Hydraulic power .
• The suction and discharge are in the axial
direction.
• Axial flow pumps used in applications which
need high flow rate and low pressure head.
• Pump components:
(straightener, Impeller, diffuser, and Casing)
 (2) AXIAL PUMP CLASSIFICATION:
The performance curve of Axial pump :
• The large head comes with the small flow rate
,so don`t use delivery valve after the pump.
• Also the max shaft power comes with the
small flow rate.
• The shaft power reduces gradually by
Increasing the flow rate.
COMPARISON ACCORDING TO LVAD PROJECT
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP VS AXIAL PUMP
• According to speed (to achieve required flow rate)
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP VS AXIAL PUMP

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AXIAL PUMP

> Need medium power motor (P=T*W). > Need large power motor (P=T*W)
to achieve this speed.
> Centrifugal pumps have a linear > Axial pumps have a non-linear
current-to-flow relationship across current-to-flow relationship across

the full range of operating pump flows. the full range of operating
pump flows.
> Simple control system >Complex control system
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP VS AXIAL PUMP

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AXIAL PUMP

 use magnetic levitation system. Use Bearing .

So ,no metal to metal contact. There is metal to metal contact.
No mechanical wear. Mechanical wear.
High life time . heat generation.
High reliability. Life time less than centrifugal pump.
Reliability less than centrifugal pump.
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP VS AXIAL PUMP
According to Hemolysis :
Pump hemolysis is directly related to pump speed ,areas of high shear stress,
and the time of blood in the high fluid shear areas of the pumping elements or
bearings.
Axial pumps generally have small clearances at the impeller blade tips and high
speeds at the outer edge of their blades, creating higher shear levels than for
the centrifugal pumps.
At Axial pump, the high shear around the blade edges tends to be relatively
short in duration time , helping to reduce this blood damage .
So ,The two pumps almost have the same level of Hemolysis.
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP VS AXIAL PUMP
According to Thrombosis:
 Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing
the flow of blood through the circulatory system.
thrombosis can be caused by anything that prevents your blood from
circulating or clotting normally.
The thrombosis in Axial pump is very higher than centrifugal pump ,because
It`s small size ,and high speed
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP VS AXIAL PUMP
NOW COMPARABLE TO TRANSPLANT SURVIVAL AT 2 YEARS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP VS AXIAL PUMP
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP VS AXIAL PUMP

CONCLUSION:
The centrifugal pump is more suitable for our project.
Design
Considerations
 Impeller Design
Considerations :
I. Gap Between Rotor and housing
Too narrow a gap : - hemolysis
-thrombus formation

larger gap :lower pump efficiency

Maximum pump efficiency occurs for a gap range between 0.15 and 0.25
mm
Impeller Design
II. Blades Profiles
• Impeller Discharge Angle
• The idealized performance characteristic
curve of a centrifugal pump depends on the
value of discharge blade angle
• Backward Curved Blades β < 90°
Radial Blades β = 90°
Forward Curved Blades β > 90°
 Casing Design
• The pressure between the inflow and the outflow is
produced mainly by centrifugal forces imparted by the
impeller

• The net radial force may cause the impeller to whirl and
vibrate while imbalanced axial force may cause the impeller
to touch down on the casing
 Casing Design
• Pressure uniformity is destroyed when asymmetric flow results from
operating the pump at off-design conditions.
• The direction and magnitude of this force depends on the extent of
pressure asymmetry, which is determined by the operating point in
relation to the design flow rate, and is influenced by specific speed
Material Selection
• Although in normal pump function there is no direct contact between rotor and stator
components, it’s believed that they should tolerate occasional direct contact(e.g at
startup) , The materials also had to be biocompatible with respect to blood

• two unique materials showed sufficiently good results to justify their use in the journal
bearing pair:
 titanium alloy (titanium/niobium/zirconium)
Most metals in body fluids and tissue are found in stable organic complexes. Corrosion of
implanted metal by body fluids, results in the release of unwanted metallic ions, with
likely interference in the processes of life. Titanium is judged to be completely inert and
immune to corrosion by all body fluids and tissue, and is thus wholly bio-compatible.
System component
component
-Upper housing: contain inflow and outflow
channels and the upper half of the volute

-lower housing: that includes the lower

half of the volute and a cavity for the
rotor
component
- rotor that includes an impeller and
passively magnetic elements
**the rotational axis of the pump’s rotor
should be perpendicular to the body’s
long axis.
component
- inflow subassembly includes a left ventricular cannula
-outflow subassembly

** The flow path is of circular cross-section through the inflow and

outflow sections This shape was gradually flattened near the pump at
both the inflow and outflow to reduce the effective pump height.
System Dimensions
• 69 mm outer diameter by 30 mm height
• The mass is 475 g, including the motor
• Rotating in the speed range of 2000 to 5500 rpm
• using Electromagnetic bearing
Maglev control
• PID controller
• Hall effect sensors
• Eddy current displacement sensors
• Power amplifier