Chapter three

Identification and differentiation

Chapter objectives : At the end of this chapter, you are expected to:
Discuss
 the impact of disability and vulnerability on daily life of persons with disabilities
and vulnerabilities.
Explain
 needs of persons with disabilities and vulnerabilities
describe
 the effects of environment on the life of persons with disabilities and
vulnerabilities.
Describe
 intervention and rehabilitation approaches for disabilities and vulnerabilities.
depict
 barriers for inclusive services provisions in different sectors
describe
 the role technologies in the life of persons with disabilities relate the concept
of inclusiveness to their specific profession


 Factors related to impact a disability has on an individual with disability.

 The Nature of the Disability: Disability can be:

 Acquired (a result of an accident, or acquired disease) it is more likely to cause a negative reaction than a
congenital disability.

 Congenital (present at birth) disabilities: are disabilities that have always been present, thus requiring less of
an adjustment than an acquired disability.

 The Individual’s Personality:

 can be positive or negative, dependent or independent, goal-oriented or laissez-faire.
 Some react negatively and thus their quality of life is negatively affected.
 Others choose to focus on their abilities as opposed to their disabilities and continue to live a
productive life.

 The Meaning of the Disability to the Individual

 The individual's support system: support from family, a significant other, friends, or social
groups.
  Challenges that impact the abilities of People with disabilities and
vulnerabilities to conduct Activities of Daily Living (ADL).
 Moving from one place to another (e.g., navigation, locomotion, transfer),
 Maintaining a position (e.g., standing, sitting, sleeping),
 Interacting with the environment (e.g., controlling systems, gripping objects),
 Communicating (e.g., speaking, writing, hand gestures),
 Feeding (chewing, swallowing, etc.), and
 Perceiving the external world (by movement of the eyes, the head, etc.), due
to inaccessible environment.
 Many older persons face one or more impairments. Their situation is often
similar to that of people with disabilities.
 Their needs are similar to those people with multiple disabilities with a decrease
in the muscular, vision, hearing and cognitive capacities.
Economic Factors and Disability

 people with few economic assets are more likely to acquire

pathologies that may be disabling.

 economic status affects whether pathology will proceed to

impairment.
 Example: complete lack of access to or a delay in presentation
for medical care for treatable conditions (e.g., untreated
breast cancer is more likely to require radical mastectomy
/removing the breast)
 lack of resources can adversely affect the ability of an
individual to function with a disabling condition.
 Forexample, someone with an amputated leg who has little money
or poor health insurance may not be able to obtain a proper
prosthesis.

 theabsence of the limb may then force the individual to withdraw

from jobs that require these capacities.

 Theeconomic status of the community may have a more profound

impact than the status of the individual on the probability that
disability will result from impairment or other disabling conditions.
Political Factors and Disability

 The political system, through its role in designing public policy,

can and does have a profound impact on the extent to which
impairments and other potentially disabling conditions will
result in disability.

 If the political system is well enforced it will profoundly

improve the prospects of people with disabling conditions for
achieving a much fuller participation in society, in effect
reducing the font of disability in work and every other domain
of human activity.
psychological factors on disability
psychological
 construct affect both the expression of disability and an
individual's ability to adapt to and react to it.
Cognitive Processes
Cognition consists of thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and ways of viewing the

world, others, and ourselves.

Self-Efficacy Beliefs
are concerned with whether or not a person believes that he or she can

accomplish a desired outcome
Beliefs about one's abilities affect
 what a person chooses to do,
 how much effort is put into a task and
 how long an individual will endure when there are difficulties.
Cont…

 Self-efficacy beliefs also affect the person's emotional

responses.

 Under conditions of high self-efficacy, a person's outlook and

mental health status will remain positive even under
stressful situations.

 Under conditions of low self-efficacy, mental health may

suffer even when environmental conditions are favorable
/positive.
Psychological Control

 Psychological control, or control beliefs, is similar to self-efficacy

beliefs in that they are thoughts, feelings, and beliefs regarding
one's ability to control or change a situation.

The individuals control over themselves depends on the provision of

the environments:
accessibility or
inaccessibility.
Coping Patterns
 Coping patterns refer to behavioral and cognitive efforts to manage
specific internal or external demands.
 Having a disabling condition may create stress and demand additional
efforts because of interpersonal or environmental conditions that are
not supportive
 Several coping strategies may be used when a person confronts a
stressful situation:
 emotional expression,
 distraction, and
 self-blame. etc
The effects of certain coping efforts on adaptive and functional
outcomes benefits individuals with disabling conditions
 Cont…

In general, there is evidence that

 passive,
 avoidant,
 emotion- focused
coping strategies are associated with poorer outcomes,
Whereas active, problem-focused
 attempts to redefine thoughts to become more positive are associated with
favorable outcomes
 Personality Disposition
 Optimism is a personality disposition it is the general tendency to
view the world, others, and oneself favorably /positively.
 People with an optimistic orientation rather than a pessimistic
orientation are far better across several dimensions.
 Optimists tend to have better self-esteem and less hostility toward
others and tend to use more adaptive coping strategies than
pessimists
 Optimism may reduce symptoms and improve adjustment to illness,
because it is associated with the use of effective coping strategies.
 Optimistic individuals are more likely to cope with impairment by
using the active adaptive coping strategies discussed earlier.
 These in turn will lead to reduced disability.
 Family and Disability

 Thefamily can be either an enabling or a disabling factor for a person with a disabling
condition.
 Although most people have a wide network of friends, the networks of people with
disabilities are more likely to be dominated by family members
 Families can be enabling to people with functional limitations by providing such tangible
services as housekeeping and transportation and by providing personal assistance in
activities of daily living.
 Familiescan also provide economic support to help with the purchase of assistive
technologies and to pay for personal assistance.
most importantly, they can provide emotional support.
Emotional support is positively related to well-being across a number of conditions.
In all of these areas, friends and neighbors can supplement the support provided by the
family.
It is important to note, however, that families may also be disabling.
Some families promote dependency.
 Disability, vulnerability and the environment

 Disability is not inherent in an individual but is, rather, a relational concept a function of
the interaction of the person with the social and physical environments.
 The environment may be conceived of as having major parts:

The physical environment and the social and psychological environments.

The physical environment may be further subdivided conceptually into the
The Natural Environment
The natural environment may have a major impact on whether a limitation is disabling.
The human made Environment (The built environment) : are created and constructed
by humans and vary widely in terms of their complexity, size, and purpose.
Both affect the extent to which a disabling condition will be experienced by the person as a
disability.
 Cont…
Types of attributes/features/ of the physical environment need to
be in place to support human performance.
 Object availability: Objects must be in a location that is useful,
at a level where they can be retrieved, and must be organized to
support the performance of the activity.
 Accessibility:is related to the ability of people to get to a place
or to use a device.
 Accessibility
permits a wheelchair user to ride or a Braille user to
read a document.
 Sensory stimulation: which can include visual, tactile, or auditory
cues, serves as a signal to promote responses.
 Rural environment, Disability and Vulnerability

 Persons with disabilities, vulnerable and marginalized groups living in

rural areas have double disadvantaged due to their impairments and
vulnerabilities and unfavorable physical and social environment.
 Environmental strategies can be effective in helping people function
independently and not be limited in their social participation, in
work, leisure or social interactions as a spouse, parent, friend, or
coworker.
 Cont…
The Inclusive Environment
 environmental modifications can take many forms , these include
assistive devices, alterations of a physical structure, object
modification, and task modification.
 The role of environmental modification as a prevention strategy
and its role in preventing secondary conditions and disability that
accompany a poor fit between human abilities and the environment
 Environmental strategies can be effective in helping people
function independently and not be limited in their social
participation, in work, leisure or social interactions
 Creating Welcoming (Inclusive) Environment

External environmental modifications 2. Communication aids

can take many forms. These can
include assistive devices,
Telephone amplifier or TDD
alterations of a physical structure,
Voice-activated computer
object modification, and
Computer-assisted note taker
task modification.
Examples of Environmental Modification Print enlarger

1. Mobility aids Reading machines

Prosthetic limb Books on tape
Wheelchair (manual and/or motorized) Sign language or oral interpreters
Canes Braille writer
Crutches
Cochlear implant
Braces
Communication boards
  Accessible
 Job accommodations
structural
 Simplification of task
elements  Flexible work hours
Ramps Elevators  Rest breaks
Wide doors  Splitting job into parts
Safety bars  Relegate nonessential functions to
others
Sound-reflective building
 Differential use of personnel
materials  Personal care assistants
Enhanced lighting  Note takers
Electrical sockets that meet  Secretaries Editors
 Sign language interpreters
appropriate reach ranges
Built up handles
 Impact of the Social, Cultural and Psychological Environments on the
Enabling-Disabling Process
Culture and the Disabling Process
Culture affects the enabling-disabling process at each stage; it also affects the
transition from one stage to another.
Culture: is the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a particular people or society.

It includes both

material culture (things and the rules for producing them) and
Nonmaterial culture (norms or rules, values, symbols, language, ideational
systems such as science or religion, and arts such as dance, crafts, and humor).
Cultures also specify punishments for rule-breaking, exceptions to rules, and
occasions when exceptions are permitted.
Cont…
 Both the material and nonmaterial aspects of cultures and
subcultures are related to the enabling-disabling process.
 If a society believes that witchcraft is the reason that a woman
cannot have children, medical facts about her body become
irrelevant
 any enabling-disabling process must go through culturally
prescribed processes relating to witches; medically or
technologically based enabling-disabling processes will not be
acceptable.
 Disability Inclusive Intervention and Rehabilitation Services
 Disability inclusion is including people with disabilities and
vulnerabilities in everyday activities and encouraging them to have
roles similar to peoples who do not have a disability.

 Differentiated service means a multiple service delivery model that

can satisfy the most needs of persons with disabilities and
vulnerabilities. A “One-size-fits-all” approach to provide services for
persons with disabilities and vulnerability groups is no longer enough.

 Inclusion should lead to increased participation in socially expected

life roles and activities.
 Strategies to prevention, intervention and rehabilitation
A. Prevention
i. Primary prevention – actions to avoid or remove the cause of a health problem in an
individual or a population before it arises. It includes health promotion and
specific protection (for example, HIV education).

ii. Secondary prevention (early intervention): actions to detect a health and

disabling conditions at an early stage in an individual or a population,
facilitating cure, or reducing or preventing spread, or reducing or preventing its
long-term effects

iii. Tertiary prevention (rehabilitation): actions to reduce the impact of an

already established disease by restoring function.
B. Implementing the Twin-track Approach involves:
 A Sector‘s organizational structures and human resources on disability inclusion
should aim to reflect this twin-track approach.

 Track 1: Mainstreaming disability as a cross-cutting issue within all key

programs and services (education, health, relief and social services, microfinance,
infrastructure and camp improvement, protection, and emergency response) to
ensure these programs and services are inclusive, equitable, non-discriminatory,
and do not create or reinforce barriers.

 This is done by:

 gathering information on the diverse needs of persons with disabilities during the assessment
stage;
 considering disability inclusion during the planning stage;
 making adaptations in the implementation stage; and
 gathering the perspectives of persons with disabilities in the reporting and evaluation stage.
  Track 2: Supporting the specific needs of vulnerable groups with disabilities to ensure they
have equal opportunities to participate in society.
 This is done by :
 strengthening referral to both internal and external pathways
 ensuring that sector programs to provide rehabilitation, assistive devices and other disability-
specific services are accessible to persons with disabilities and vulnerable groups and
 adhere to protection standards and inclusion principles.

C. Implement Disability Inclusive Project/ Program

 Key considerations for including persons with disabilities in all program and project cycle
areas includes :
A)Education and vocational training B) Health
C) Relief and social services D)Protection
E)Livelihoods, employment and microfinance F)Humanitarian and emergency response
D)Infrastructure and camp improvement, shelter, water and sanitation and environmental health
D. Implement effective Intervention and Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation is a process designed to optimize function and improve the
quality of life of those with disabilities.
Broad goals and expected outcomes of rehabilitation includes;
increased independence,
prevention of further functional losses
additional medical conditions when possible,
improved quality of life, and
effective and efficient use of health care systems.
Rehabilitation interventions promote a comprehensive process to facilitate attainment of
the optimal physical, psychological, cognitive, behavioral, social, vocational, and educational
status within the capacity allowed by the anatomic or physiologic impairment, personal
desires and life plans, and environmental disadvantages for a person with a disability.
 Components of Rehabilitation Interventions
There are a variety of professionals who participate in and contribute to the
rehabilitation process within a team approach. That includes;

Physicians : Their role is to manage the medical and health conditions of the
patient/consumer within the rehabilitation process, providing diagnosis,
treatment, or management of disability-specific issues.

Occupational therapists (OTs)

typically work with patients/consumers through functional activities in order
to increase their ability to participate in activities of daily living (ADLs) and
instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), in school and work
environments, using a variety of techniques.
Physical therapists (PTs)
Assess movement dysfunction and use treatment interventions such as
exercise, functional training, manual therapy techniques, gait and balance
training, assistive and adaptive devices and equipment, and physical agents,
including electrotherapy, massage, and manual traction.

 Speech and Language Therapist

assess, treat, and help to prevent disorders related to speech, language,
cognition, voice, communication, swallowing, and fluency.
 Audiologists:
 identify, assess, manage, and interpret test results related to disorders of
hearing, balance, and other systems related to hearing.
 Audiologic rehabilitation interventions include
developing auditory and central processing skills,
 evaluating and fitting for a variety of hearing aids and supports,
training for use of cochlear implants, and
counseling for adjustment to hearing loss or newly acquired hearing.

 Rehabilitation nurses
They are expert at bladder management, bowel management, and skin care,
and they provide education to patients and families about these important areas
and also medications to be used at home after discharge.

Activities developed within the active therapeutic rehabilitation programs are

routinely used and practiced, such as dressing, bathing, feeding, toileting,
transfers to and from wheelchairs, and mobility.
Social Workers
Assist patients with access to right benefits, transportation assistance, or
community based services;
Help patients navigate the paths between different levels of care;
Refer patients to legal, financial, housing, or employment services;
identify, assess, refer, or offer treatment for such problems as depression,
anxiety, or substance abuse; or provide education or support programming for
health or related social problems. Social workers work not only with the
individual receiving rehabilitation services, but with family members.
Case Managers:
These professionals collaborate with all service providers and link the needs
and values of the clint/consumer with appropriate services and providers within
the continuum of health care.
 Rehabilitation Psychologists
is a specialized area of psychology that assists the individual (and family)
with any injury, illness, or disability that may be chronic, traumatic, and/or
congenital in achieving optimal physical, psychological, and interpersonal
functioning.
Neuropsychologists
They assess various aspects of cognition (e.g., memory, attention, and
language), emotions, behaviors, personality, effort, motivation, and symptom
validity in the care of individuals who have sustained brain injuries.

 Therapeutic recreation specialists

Provide treatment services and recreation activities for individuals with
disabilities or illnesses.
They promote community-based leisure activities as a complement to other
therapeutic interventions.
Rehabilitation counselors (previously known as vocational counselors)
Assist persons with both physical and mental disabilities, and cover the
vocational, psychological, social, and medical aspects of disability, through a
partnership with the individuals served.
Evaluate and coordinate the services needed and also provide counseling to
assist people in coping with limitations caused by the disability.
Orthotists and prosthetists
works with individuals with partial or total limb absence or amputation to
enhance their function by use of a prosthesis (i.e., artificial limb, prosthetic
device). fabricate and designs custom braces or orthotics.
Person with the Disability and their Family
The person with the disability and his or her family members are key members
of the team.
 Additional rehabilitation professionals
Nutritionist
dance therapist
spiritual care
 child-life specialist
rehabilitation engineer
hospital-based school teacher,
music therapist
massage therapist
trainer
 Community-Based Rehabilitation ( CBR)
CBR is a combination of two important words; community and
rehabilitation.  
Community: consists of people living together in some form of social
organization sharing political, economic, social and cultural characteristics

Rehabilitation: includes all measures aimed at reducing the impact of

disability for an individual enabling him or her to achieve independence, social
integration, a better quality of life and self-actualization.
CBR is a strategy that can address the need of peoples with disabilities within
their community.
It can be implemented through the combined efforts of peoples with
disabilities themselves, their families, organizations and communities,
governmental and non-governmental organizations, health, education,
vocational, social and other services.
 The major objective of community based rehabilitation is:
 To ensure that people with disabilities are empowered and
To have access to regular services and opportunities to maximize their physical

and mental abilities.

Become active, contributing members of their communities and then societies.
To promotes the human rights of people with disabilities through attitude

changes within the community.

To include people who have disabilities from all types of impairments and also

includes all age groups: children, youth, adults and older people.
 If you give a person fish, he/she will eat for a day; if you teach him/her to

fish, he/she eat for a lifetime .

 The idea of CBR is that people with disabilities should have the right to a good
life.
 Inclusiveness and assistive technology
 AT Definitions

 Assistive technology encompasses all systems that are designed for Persons with
disabilities and Vulnerabilities, and that attempt to compensate the handicapped.
 AT also includes systems that restore personal functionality, such as external
prostheses and orthoses.
 Technologies promote independence for people with disabilities and vulnerability.
 Assistive Technology varies from
 low-tech devices such as a cane or adapted loop,
 high-tech systems such as assistive robotics or smart spaces.
 Importance of the Assistive Technologies (AT)

Assistive technology affords Persons with disabilities and vulnerabilities

greater equality of opportunity, by enhance the performance of their daily living
tasks, including communication, vision, hearing, recreation, movement, seating
and mobility, reading, learning, writing, and studying, as well as controlling and
accessing their environment.
 
AT and the Marketplace
This relationship between Persons with disabilities and Vulnerabilities and AT
in the marketplace follows one of two strategies:

1.Trivialization:

 In this strategy, industry does not target Persons with disabilities and
Vulnerabilities populations directly.
 Instead, the products for Persons with disabilities and Vulnerabilities are of
standardized type, that is, generic with multipurpose capabilities.
 This strategy targets a much larger market not consider user satisfaction
among PWDs& Vulnerabilities
 Cont…
2)Specialization: is based on the development of products or services that
are adapted for Persons with disabilities.
 In practice, the AT industry considers Persons with disability populations
as solvent autonomous markets.
The market for such AT is not growing quickly:
 Development coast,
 High price of the final product
 low income of PWDs
 AT and Design Methods
Most widely known design methods are :

A. User-centered design is a set of techniques and processes that enable

developers to focus on users, within the design process.
In practice, users are involved in the development process, depending on their
skills and experience, and their interaction is facilitated by a domain expert.

B. Universal Design (also called design for all) is the design of products and
environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without
the need for adaptation or specialized design.
Universal design does not emphasize differences among persons with
disabilities, or between persons with disabilities and the general population.
Traditionally, architecture and everyday products have been designed for
market appeal, with a greater focus on fashion rather than function.
  Implementing Inclusive Job Opportunities
 The right to work is fundamental to being a full and equal member of society, and it applies
to all persons, whether or not they have a disability.
 Barriers of employment
 The major types of barriers that affects the employment of people with disabilities
are;

Attitudes and Discrimination:

 Employers may be reluctant to hire persons with disabilities based on the

perception that they are less productive or less capable of carrying out their jobs
than others.
 Colleagues of persons with disabilities may also hold prejudicial attitudes.
 At a wider level, social attitudes that cast persons with disabilities as objects of
pity and need perpetuate the assumption that they should not work.
Accessibility: The accessibility of the physical environment; transportation;
information and communications; and other facilities open to the public are crucial to
the employment of persons with disabilities:

Education and Training: disproportionately restricted access to education

and training that Persons with disabilities have severely limits their job
opportunities due to a lack of skills and knowledge that are relevant to find or
retain a job.
Social Networks: persons with disabilities often have lack the opportunity
to build social relationships with those who may be in a position to offer
suggestions for potential work opportunities.
These limited networks are part of the broader cultural and attitudinal barriers
that inhibit participation in social, leisure, civic, and religious activities.
Women and disabilities: In many developing countries including Ethiopia, as
a result of continued prejudices both towards women and surrounding disability,
women with disabilities are doubly discriminated against in the labor market.
Legal Barriers: some countries impose legal restrictions on their participation
persons with disabilities in certain types of employment or processes. In some
countries, people must be considered physically and mentally healthy‘ or sound‘
to represent oneself in a court of law, to occupy official positions, or to use
certain public services.
 Inflexible work arrangements: In some cases, persons with disabilities might
prove to be competent and productive employees, but are nonetheless unable to
perform certain tasks. The same is true for scheduling the work day.
 Indeed, a greater degree of flexibility of working arrangements can boost the
morale and productivity of any employee, regardless of whether or not they have
a disability.
Dismissal on the basis of disability: Workers who are injured and acquire a
disability on the job may face unaccommodating policies and a lack of
rehabilitative services, which limit their ability to return to work.
Ultimately though, legislation which protects the rights of workers from
dismissal on the basis of disability is also needed to more comprehensively
tackle the problem.

The Benefit of Trap

Another obstacle to the employment of persons with disabilities can ironically
be imposed by social protection schemes ultimately designed to support them.
These schemes can encourage individuals to stay out of the labor force if they are
structured in such a way as to make the receipt of benefits contingent on the
inability to work.
Therefore, even if persons with disabilities believe that they can work, they
may choose not to in order to continue receiving disability benefits.
 Strategies to Improve Employment for Persons with Disabilities
and Vulnerabilities
Anti-Discrimination Legislation: These laws make it illegal to discriminate
against an individual on the basis of disability in a range of areas including:
employment; education; access to public buildings; the provision of goods and
services, and political processes.

Vocational Education and Training: it is crucial that the content of such

training programs is geared to labor market demands, and not determined by
prior beliefs about what persons with disabilities should do or are capable of
doing.
Wage Subsidies: Wage subsidies cover a portion of employees’ wages,
usually for a limited period of time, as a way to lessen the risk perceived by
employers of hiring persons with disabilities to enable employers to overcome
their reservations about hiring employees with disabilities.
Supported Employment
These programs integrate persons with disabilities into the open labor market
by providing direct, on-the-job support to employees with disabilities.
Supports are usually offered for a limited period of time. One common type of
support is a job coach.
Workplace accommodation schemes: making workplaces more accessible to
persons with disabilities. In so doing, workplace accommodation schemes seek
to minimize employer reluctance to hire persons with disabilities.
Quota Systems: Quota systems mandate that firms hire at minimum a certain percentage
of persons with disabilities.
Sheltered Workshops: These programs only hire persons with disabilities,
and structure jobs around the perceived abilities of each employee. Sometimes
the stated goal of sheltered workshops is to serve as a training ground for the
eventual transition of employees to the open labor market.
Workers’ Compensation : These programs are designed to address the issue of
occupational injuries and illnesses. They provide cash and medical benefits to employees
whose disability is acquired in the workplace. Generally, workers compensation operates
through insurance programs either through public insurance programs, or private or even self-
insurance at large firms.

Private Sector initiatives: In addition to government-driven strategies, a number of private-

sector initiatives also serve to illustrate the need for action to be taken not only by
governments, but by employers themselves.

Employer Networks: A number of networks of private companies around the world have
initiated their own programs to promote the employment of persons with disabilities.
Sometimes these organizations are established in response to the creation of a quota policy,
sometimes out of a sense of corporate social responsibility, and sometimes because of a
compelling business case for being more inclusive.
 The main activities of employer organizations include:
• Raising awareness and building capacity on disability inclusion;
• Providing information and tools on disability and employment;
• Influencing policy on the employment and training of persons with disabilities;
• Providing career development opportunities and organizing vocational training;
• Linking jobseekers with disabilities and employers;
Support disability-inclusive business: Private employers can play an
important role in developing policies and programs to boost employment for
persons with disabilities, as well as their own bottom line. It is recommended
that governments:
a) Introduce programs to raise awareness among private employers of the
business case for hiring persons with disabilities.
b) Support employer’ organizations and networks to share inclusion practices and
build their capacities to harness the potential of employees with disabilities.

Social enterprises:
Social enterprises that consciously seek to hire persons with disabilities, or
address issues and barriers affecting the lives of persons with disabilities can
therefore help to boost the employment of persons with disabilities, and also
influence wider social change.

Support persons with disabilities in the workplace:

Governments can enhance the working experiences of persons with
disabilities.

Building a more inclusive society: in order to create more accessible physical

environments, public transport and knowledge, information and communication
services
  To create a more inclusive society the government should:
a) Develop and implement accessibility standards for the physical environment in line
with universal design, including public buildings and transport services, to ensure that
individuals with mobility disabilities are not denied employment opportunities.
b) Promote and provide knowledge, information and communication services in
accessible formats, in line with universal design, to meet the needs of persons with
sensory, intellectual and psychosocial disabilities to apply for and retain a job.
c) Foster greater social inclusion by establishing links with disabled persons’
organizations, including groups of women with disabilities, and working to promote
employment opportunities.
Boost education and training opportunities: Governments must therefore
ensure that persons with disabilities are able to access education and training on
an equal basis with others. It is recommended that governments:
A) Make education systems more inclusive, both to make schools more
accessible to children with disabilities, and to modify instruction to meet the
needs of all children.
B) Mainstream disability inclusion into technical vocational education and
training (TVET) programs, to support persons with disabilities to acquire
knowledge and skills necessary to find and retain decent work.
Break down attitudinal barriers and challenge discrimination:
Discriminatory attitudes towards persons with disabilities inform and produce
other barriers to the full and equal participation of persons with disabilities in
society, including in employment.
For governments to better understand and challenge attitudinal barriers,
it is essential to:
a) Undertake research to examine the causes and manifestations of
discriminatory attitudes towards persons with disabilities across society.
b) Launch public awareness campaigns and programs to promote the rights
of persons with disabilities and to challenge discriminatory attitudes
surrounding disability.
c) Conduct disability awareness training such as Disability Equality Training
for public employees at the national and local levels.
Improve data collection on disability and employment: Designing,
monitoring and evaluating policies to promote decent work for persons with
disabilities requires timely and high quality information.
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Thank U
END