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Lecture-1 Introduction To Aircraft Design - 1

The document discusses the stages of aircraft design including project feasibility study, preliminary design, and design project. It outlines the process from conceptual design to prototype fabrication. Key aspects covered include establishing requirements, performing aerodynamic and stability calculations, weight estimation, performance analysis, and wind tunnel testing. The goals are to produce preliminary drawings, select components and powerplants, and estimate the operational capabilities of the aircraft.

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246 views13 pages

Lecture-1 Introduction To Aircraft Design - 1

The document discusses the stages of aircraft design including project feasibility study, preliminary design, and design project. It outlines the process from conceptual design to prototype fabrication. Key aspects covered include establishing requirements, performing aerodynamic and stability calculations, weight estimation, performance analysis, and wind tunnel testing. The goals are to produce preliminary drawings, select components and powerplants, and estimate the operational capabilities of the aircraft.

Uploaded by

temp
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Aircraft Design -1

Text Books

1) FUNDAMENTALS OF AIRCRAFT AND AIRCRAFT DESIGN (AIAA EDUCATIONAL


SERIES) – VOLUME 1, LELAND NICOLAI, GRANT CARNEHNER
2) AIRCRAFT DESIGN – A CONCEPTUAL APPROACH – DANIEL P RAYMER
3) CIVIL JET AIRCRAFT DESIGN – LLOYD R JENKINSON, PAUL SIMPKIN
4) AIRCRAFT DESIGN PROJECTS FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS – L R JENKINSON, J
F MARCHMAN
5) NPTEL LECTURE SERIES – AIRPLANE DESIGN (AERODYNAMIC) – PROF. E.G
TULAPURKARA
Outline
• INTRODUCTION TO AIRCRAFT DESIGN
• REVIEW OF PRACTICAL AERODYNAMICS
• AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE METHODS ( REVIEW OF FLIGHT MECHANICS)
- MINIMUM DRAG, MAX L/D, LOITER, RANGE ETC
• OPERATING ENVELOPE
- FLIGHT ENVELOPE, MAX THRUST LIMIT ETC
• ESTIMATE OF TAKE OFF WEIGHT
• WING LOADING
• FUSELAGE SIZING AND DESIGN
• SIZING OF V.T AND H.T
• PROPULSION SYSTEM
• STATIC STABILITY AND CONTROL
Its all started with this:
THIS PHOTO SHOWS WILBUR RUNNING ALONGSIDE, WITH ORVILLE AT THE
CONTROLS. THE FLIGHT LASTED 12 SECONDS AND COVERED 120 FEET
Purpose and scope of aircraft design
The design involves synthesizing knowledge in areas like:
- aerodynamics
- structures
- propulsion
- avionics
- manufacturing techniques
The design of an airplane is a complex engineering task. It generally involves the following:
 Obtaining the specifications of the airplane, selecting the type and determining the
geometric parameters
 Selection of the power plant
 Structural design and working out details of construction
 Fabrication of prototype
 Determination of airplane performance, stability, and structural integrity
Typical 3-view diagram
Stages in airplane design:
The design process can be divided into the following three stages.
 a) Project feasibility study
 b) Preliminary design
 c) Design project
Project feasibility study (conceptual design):
The aim of this study is to evolve a complete set of specifications for the airplane.
1) Comprehensive market survey to assess the number of airplanes needed
2) Study of the operating conditions for the proposed airplane
3) Study of the relevant design requirements as laid down by the civil and military
regulating agencies FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) in USA; EASA (European
Aviation Safety Agency) in Europe; DGCA (Director General of Civil Aviation) in India
Stages in airplane design:
4) Evaluation of existing designs of similar airplanes and possibility of incorporating new
concepts
5) Collection of data on relevant power plants
6) Laying down preliminary specifications which may consist of the following.
a) Performance: Maximum speed, maximum rate of climb, range, endurance, rate of
turn, radius of turn, take-off and landing distances.
b) Payload.
c) Operating conditions at the destinations.
d) Manoeuvrability
Preliminary Design
This stage of design process aims at producing a brochure containing preliminary drawings
and stating the estimated operational capabilities of the airplane
Stages in airplane design:
This stage includes the following steps:
 Selection of geometrical parameters of main components based on design criteria
 Selection of power plant
 Aerodynamic and stability calculations
 Preliminary structural design of main components
 Weight estimation and c.g. travel
 Preparation of 3-view drawing
 Performance estimation
 Preparation of brochure
Design Project
After the preliminary design has been approved by the manufacturer / customer, the detailed
design studies are carried out. These include the following stages.
Stages in airplane design:

 Wind tunnel and structural testing on models of airplane configuration arrived after
preliminary design stage
 Mock-up: This is a full scale model of the airplane or its important sections
 Complete wind tunnel testing of the approved configuration. Currently CFD
(Computational Fluid Dynamics) plays an important role in reducing the number of tests
to be carried-out
 Preparation of detailed drawings
 Final selection of power plant
 Calculations of (a) c.g. shift (b) performance and (c) stability
 Fabrication of prototypes
Stages in airplane design:
Airplane design Requirements:
Before designing a building, an architect must first establish who and how many will occupy the
building, what is its purpose, what are its scale and cost level, and so on. The design of an aircraft
is similar in that the aircraft designer must have requirements established before a design can
proceed.
The mission requirements identify the following:
 Purpose. Commercial transport; air-to-air fighter, air-to-ground fighter, bomber; general
aviation; intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR); trainer, and so on
 Crew. Manned or unmanned
 Payload. Passengers, cargo, weapons, sensors, and so on
 Speed. Cruise, maximum, loiter, landing, and so on
 Distance. Range or radius
 Duration. Endurance or loiter (time-on-station)
Airplane design Requirements:
Cost requirements encompass the following:
 Development cost
 Acquisition cost
 Operation and support (O&S) cost
 Life cycle cost (LCC), which is the sum of development, acquisition and O&S
 Cost as an independent variable (CAIV) for government programs
The maintenance and support requirements are as follows:
 Maintenance man-hours per flight hour ( MMH/FH)
 Ground support equipment (GSE)
 Maintenance levels (i.e., organizational, intermediate, and depot)
 Integrated logistics support (ILS) plan
 Contractor support or user support

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