GROUP # 8

1-Raja Ahsan 046

2-M.Bilal 008
3-Saad Iftikhar 026
4-Ali Hamza 030
5-Ali Haider 031
6-Shazaib Ahmad 041
PUNCTUATION:
Why Do We Need Punctuation?
• Punctuation allow the authors writing to be
easy to read and understandable for the
reader. Punctuation is used to bring clarity
and meaning to writing.
Defination:
Punctuation marks are a symbol to create and support meaning within
a sentence or to break it up.
PUNCTUATION is the name of the marks used in writing. They are very essential
signs to understand a sentence in correct way. they represent the expression and
feeling in a sentence.
Example:
Correct punctuation can save a person’s life.

Incorrect: Let’s Eat Grandpa.

Correct: Let’s Eat, Grandpa.

 TYPES OF
PUNCTUATION:
1- Full Stop/Period ( . )
2- Comma (,)
3- Colon (:)
4- Semi Colon (;)
5- Question Mark (?)
6- Exclamation Mark ( ! )
7- Quotation Mark ( “”)
8- Ellipses Mark (…)
9- Parenthesis ( () )
10- Apostrophe (’)
11- Hyphen And Dash ( - & __ )
 FULL STOP .
RULES:
1-Use a full stop at the end of a complete sentence.
Example:
•I know that you would never break my trust intentionally.

2-If the last word in the sentence ends in a full stop, do not use another full stop
after it.
Example:
•I know that M.D. He is my brother.

3-Use at the end of an indirect question.

Example:
•He asked where the milk was.
 COMMAS ,
RULES:
1-Use a comma to separate words or items in a list.
Example:
•He has two dogs, three cats, one bird and five fish in his house.

2-Use a comma to separate two adjectives when the word and can be inserted between
them.
Example:
•He is a strong, healthy man.

3-Use a comma to separate a day of the month from the year.

Example:
•He was born on June 28,1999.
4-Use a comma to sparate a city from its state.
Example:
•I am from East Lansing, Michigan.

5-use a comma to separate a statement from a question.

Example:
•I can go, can't I?

6-Use a comma to separate contrasting parts of a

sentence.
Example:
•That is my money, not yours.
7-Use commas to introduce direct quotations shorter than three lines.
Example:
•He actually said, “I do not care.”

8-Use the comma to separate two sentences if it helps to avoid confusion.

Example:
•I choose the colors red and green, and blue was his first choice.

9-Use a comma to separate two strong clauses joined by a

conjunction(FANBOYS).
EXAMPLE:
•I have painted the entire house, but he is still working on sanding the
door.
 COLON :
RULES:
1-A colon should not precede a list unless it follows a complete sentence.
Example:
•I want a assistant who can do following:
(a)Input data
(b)Write reports
(c)Complete tax forms

2-Use a colon when the second clause explains the first clause and no conjunction is being used to connect the
clauses.
Example:
•I enjoy reading: novels by Rajabrand are my favorite.

3-Use a colon after greeting of the person’s name in a business letter.

Example:
•Dear Mr. Ahsan:
 SEMICOLON ;
RULES:
1-Use a semicolon in place of a full stop to separate two sentence. Where the conjunction has
been left out.
Example:
Call me tomorrow; I will give you my answer then.

2-Use a semicolon to separate units of a series when one or more of the units contain commas.
Example:
•This conference has people who have come from Lahore, Pakistan; Delhi, India; and Jadah, Saudi Arabia.

3-Use a semicolon between two sentences that are joined by a conjunction but already have one
or more commas within the first sentence.
Example:
•When I finish here, I will glad to help you; and that is a promise I will keep.
 QUESTION MARK ?
RULES:
1-Use a question mark after a direct question.
Example:
•Will you go with me?

2-Use a question mark when a sentence is half statement and half

question.
Example:
•You do care, don't you?
 EXCLAMATION MARK !
RULES:
1-Use exclamation points to show emphasis or surprise. Do not
use the exclamation point in formal business letters.

Example:
•I’m truly shocked by your behavior!
•Summer is in three months!
 QUOTATION MARK “”
RULES:
1-Use quotation marks to set off a direct quotation.
Example:
•“What is your favorite food?” She asked.

2-Periods and commas always go inside quotation

marks.
Example:
•“I don’t want to go to school today,” Asad said.
3-The placement of quotation marks with quotes follows
logic. If a question is in quotation marks , the question
mark should be placed inside the quotation marks.
Example:
•She asked, “ Will you still be my Friend?”

4-Full stop and commas always go inside quotation marks.

Example:
•She said, “you need to hurry up.”
 Ellipsis …
RULES:
The three-dot method is used for ellipsis marks. Use no more
than three marks whether the omission occurs in the middle of
a sentence or between sentences.
EXAMPLE:
• The regulation states, “All agencies must document overtime…”
 PARENTHESIS ()
RULES:
1-Use parenthesis to enclose words or figures that clarify or are used as an aside.
Example:
•I expect five hundred dollars($500).

2-Use full parenthesis to enclose numbers or letters used for listed items.
Example:
•We need an emergency physician who can (1)think quickly, (2)treat patients respectfully, and (3)
handle complaints from the public.

3-Full stop go inside parenthesis only if an entire sentence is inside the parenthesis.
Example:
•Please read the analysis(I have enclosed it as attachment A.)
 APOSTROPHE ’
RULES:
1-Use the apostrophe when combining two words.
Example:
•She's only allowed candy on Friday.

2-Use the apostrophe to show possession. Place the apostrophe before the s.
Example:
•They found Ms. Connor’s gloves.

3-Use the apostrophe with contractions. The apostrophe is always placed at the spot where
one or more letters have been removed.
Example:
•Don’t, isn’t
4-Use the apostrophe where the noun that should follow is implied.
Example:
• This was his father’s, not his, jacket.

5-If the compound noun is plural, form the plural first and then use the
apostrophe.
Example:
• My two brothers-in-law’s hats.

6-With a singular compound noun, show possession with ’s at the end of

the word.
Example:
• My mother-in-law’s hat.
 HYPHEN -
RULES:
1-Hyphenate the compound numbers from twenty-one and to ninety nine.
Example:
•There are twenty-one students present in the class.

2-Hyphenate all spelled-out fractions.

Example:
•You need one-third of a cup of sugar for that recipe.

3-When adverbs other than –ly adverbs are used as compound words in front of a noun,
do not hyphenate.
Example:
Incorrect: The well-known actress accepted her award.
Correct: The actress who accepted her award was well known.
 DASH ----
1-EN DASH:
An en dash, named for the width of a typesetter’s n key, is a little longer then a
hyphen. It is used for span of time when you have might otherwise use to.
Example:
•January 2001_2003

2-EM DASH:
An em dash is longer than an en dash(named for the width of a typesetter’s m
key. Don’t use it because you are uncertain about correct punctuation.
Example:
•Never have I met such a nice person__before you.
 “ARTICLES”
What is an article ?
An article is a word that is used to indicate that a noun is a noun without describing
it.

For example:
• Nick bought a dog.
• After the long day, the cup of tea tasted particularly good.
 TYPES OF ARTICLES
1-Definite Article:
It is the word the. It limits the meaning of a noun to one particular thing.
Example:
• Please give me the hammer.
• I saw the teacher today.
• The Earth moves round the sun.
• The plane is faster than the train.
• The elephant is the largest land mammal.
• She plays the violin.
• She is the best student in the class.
1-InDefinite Article:
TYPES OF ARTICLES
The indefinite article takes two forms. It’s the word a when it precedes a word that
begins with a consonant. It’s the word an when it precedes a word that begins with
a vowel. The indefinite article only appears with singular nouns.
Example:
• Please hand me a book; any book will do.
• Please hand me an autobiography; any autobiography will do.

Choosing A or An:
There are a few exceptions to the general rule of using a before words that start
with consonants and an before words that begin with vowels. 
Example:
Incorrect: RajaBrand is a honest man.
Correct: RajaBrand is an honest man.
Article Before an adjective:
TYPES OF ARTICLES
Sometimes an article modifies a noun that is also modified by an adjective. The
usual word order is article + adjective + noun. If the article is indefinite,
choose a or an based on the word that immediately follows it. 
Example:
• Eliza will bring a small gift to Sophie’s party.
• I heard an interesting story yesterday.

Indefinite articles with uncountable nouns:

Uncountable nouns are nouns that are either difficult or impossible to count.
Uncountable nouns include intangible things (e.g., information, air), liquids (e.g.,
milk, wine), and things that are too large or numerous to count (e.g., equipment,
sand, wood). Because these things can’t be counted, you should never
use a or an with them—remember, the indefinite article is only for singular nouns.
Uncountable nouns can be modified by words like some, however.
Example:
TYPES OF ARTICLES
Incorrect: Please give me a water.
Correct: Please give me some water.

Using Articles with Pronouns:

Possessive pronouns can help identify whether you’re talking about specific or
nonspecific items. As we’ve seen, articles also indicate specificity. But if you use
both a possessive pronoun and an article at the same time, readers will become
confused. Possessive pronouns are words like his, my, our, its, her, and their.
Articles should not be used with pronouns. 
Example:
Incorrect: Why are you reading the my book?
Correct: Why are you reading the book?
Correct: Why are you reading my book?
Omission of Articles:
TYPES OF ARTICLES
• Occasionally, articles are omitted altogether before certain
nouns. In these cases, the article is implied but not actually
present. This implied article is sometimes called a “zero
article.” Often, the article is omitted before nouns that refer to
abstract ideas. 
Example:
Incorrect: Let’s go out for a dinner tonight.
Correct: Let’s go out for dinner tonight.

Incorrect: The creativity is a valuable quality in children.

Correct: Creativity is a valuable quality in children.