DESIGN OF RIGID PAVEMENT

satander50@gmail.com
satander50@yahoo.co.in
Rigid Pavement Flexible pavement
Dia= 750 mm Dia= 200-300 mm
E = 30000 Mpa E= 3000 MPa

Deflection 0.2 mm 1 mm
or 200 micron
DESIGN DESIGN
5 t load 5 ton load
K value/modulus of CBR %
subgrade reaction = (Load/1370kg)100
Load/(Plate area*1.25 mm))
kg/cm2/cm
SEMI RIGID ; Dry lean Concrete CTB, CTSB 2
 DESIGN OF RIGID
PAVEMENTS
Rural Road Composition
satander50@yahoo.co.in
DESIGN OF NATIONAL HIGHWAYS
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- 30
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Dowel Bars
IRC: 117 FWD

5
6
 Relationship to elasticity
• Stiffness is a property of a structure. (Extensive)

• axial stiffness N / m is

k= A*E/L

• K= F/d ( Total applied load)/

(Deflection)

• K >400 kN/mm- - RP
• K= 100kN/mm FP
 Design of Rigid Pavements

 Conventional concrete
 Roller compacted concrete
 Paver Block
 Self-compacting concrete
 Cell Filled Pavement

SCOPE:
 Single lane road
 Maximum wheel load on dual wheel is 50 kN
 Maximum Traffic per day = 450 CVPD/2 million
commercial vehicle
 Choice and Economics
 Built up areas
 Poor Drainage
 Heavy rain fall & Flood Prone Area
 Recurring problem of water logging
 Aggregates are costly/scare availability
 Poor soil condition
 Initial cost of flexible pavement may be 25% less than
Rigid pavement, but life cycle cost may be same.
9
 NEED OF JOINTS
RIGID PAVEMENT Flexible Pavement Deck Slab
Contraction joint, No Joints Only Expansion
longitudinal joint, Joints
expansion joints

Reasons Reasons Reasons

White in colour, donot Black in colour, no White in Colour
absorb heat, so temperature gradient but Reinforced
temperature gradient concrete,
∆ t too less

Warping/curling No warping No warping

Drying shrinkage Not much shrinkage Expansion
contract/RCC
Friction between Sub Each layer bonded No bottom layer
base and PQC
10
 Factors Governing Design
1. CBR (%)
2. Modulus of Subgrade Reaction ( k value -MPa/m)
3. Traffic (A in CVPD),
4. Rate of traffic growth ( r = 6 %)
5. Life of Rigid pavement ( n= 20 years)
6. Lane distribution factor (0.5 for two lane)
7. Highest Flood Level
8. Flexural Strength of Concrete (MPa) ( Minimum 3.8 MPa)
9. Poisson, s ratio (µ= 0.15)
10. Resilient Modulus ( E value = 30000 MPa)
11. Coef. of Thermal expansion ,( α= 10*10-6/ oC)
12. Temperature Gradient , (∆t in oC)
13. Tyre Pressure (p= 0.6-0.8 MPa)
14. Bradbury coefficient , C
15. Stress ratio
 Factors Governing Design

California Bearing Ratio

CBR is defined as the percentage of actual load in kg

causing penetrations of 2.5 mm or 5.0 mm to standard loads
(1370 kg in case of 2.5 mm and 2055 kg in case of 5
mm penetration) applied on 50 mm dia plunger (of CBR
testing machine) on soil sample compacted at MDD/OMC.
 SOIL - Munsell Color Chart

Identify soil color - uniformly describe composition.

Hematite Iron Oxide Fe2 O3 Red

Iron Sulphide Fe S Black

Dolomite Ca Mg CO3 White

Structure- Black cotton soil

• Prismatic – Characterized
by vertical oriented
aggregates or pillars with
flat tops.

• elongated columns vary in

length with different soils.

• Prismatic structure is
commonly seen in soils
with high clay content and
in horizons dominated by
high shrink-swell clays.
Shrink-swell Potential
• Shrink-swell potential

• volume change occur when a soil wets

and dries.

• due to the clay,

• have high shrink-swell potentials.

 DURABILITY –
Adequate Strength, Minimum Corrosion, Minimum Air Voids

Consolidation Compaction Densification

Clayey soil Clayey/non-plastic Non plastic

Clayey-silty Concrete Filter media

Static load Mechanical Mechanical

Removal of Water Removal of air Addition of water

AVOID HONEY-COMBING (Honey bee house)

Crack, fracture, fissure

17
 Determination of Modulus of Subgrade Reaction

 Modulus of subgrade reaction , k

It is defined as the stress (in kg/cm2) applied on compacted

subgrade soil through 75 cm dia plate for a deflection of 0.125 cm.

 Minimum Modulus of Subgrade Reaction, 5.5 kg/cm2/cm

 IS: 9214 Determination of Modulus of Subgrade Reaction

 k750=k(1.21φ+0.078), Φ=plate diameter, metre

 Specification
Low Volume Roads National Highways/SH
• MORD Specification Red Book 2014 • MORTH Specification 2013
Orange Book
• MORTH Pocket Book 2019

• IRC:SP:62-2014 Rigid Pavements

• IRC:15/58 Rigid Pavements
• IRC:SP:72-2015 Flexible
Pavements
• IRC: 37-2018 Flexible
Pavements
• IRC:SP: 13-2022 Culverts/Minor
Bridges • IRC:112-20 IRC:78 Sub Stru.
Culverts/Minor Bridges
MORTH Pocket Book 2019, p-76

20
 Panel size
3.5 m X 4.50 m NH, 3.75 m X 3.75 m Rural roads
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

TRAFFIC DIRECTION
TRAFFIC
DIRECTION

Wrong Right -----MORD 1501 p412

More span Less span

Length of panel in direction of traffic

shall not be less than width of panel 21
 JOINTS PURPOSE
 Are purposely made cuts to allow expansion, contraction and to
systematize cracking

 Due to Warping of slabs caused by temperature and moisture

changes.

 Necessary to break in construction

 Required to allow differential shrinkage, swelling, friction

 Joints must be sealed to exclude water and grit and make

 Water proof if joint width > 3mm

 Joints spacing , L/B <1.5 L or W < 4.5 m or 15 time thickness

 Mathematician Leonard Euler (1707–1783)

May I Follow your Every Rule

 P P

A B
X
y= d/2 d d

C ? /3 ? /3 ? /3 D
y= d/2 d d
ℓ/3 ℓ/3 ℓ/3
P/2 ? P/2 Y ? ℓ/2
/2 ℓ/2
? /2 Z
ℓ = 20*3= 60 cm
P/2 P/2 ℓ?
BM = P/2x ℓ/3 = Pℓ/6
BM = P/2x ℓ/3 = Pℓ/6 BM = P/2x ℓ/2 = Pℓ/4
BM =Bending MomentPℓ/4
M = f
MI = f y M = f
I y M = f I y
I y
f = M*y
F= I f = M*y
F= I
= =(Pℓ/6
(Pℓ/6x xd/2)/
d/2)bd3/12 = (Pℓ/4 x d/2)/
= Pℓ/bd2 = (Pℓ/4 x d/2)/ bd3/12 bd 3
/12
bd /12 = 3/2Pℓ/bd2
3

= Pℓ/bd 2 = 3/2[Pℓ/bd 2
] 25
 mathematician Leonard Euler (1707–
1783)
Case 1 Fb = (Pℓ)/ (bd2) if a> 20cm for 15cm
25kn i.e 2.5 ton = 2500*60/15*15*15 = 4.44 MPa
= 10,000*450/350*30*30 = 1.5 MPa
Case 2:
Fb = (3PXa)/ (bd2) 17cm 20cm P
(For if a< 20cm ---17cm17cm-- ---20 cm---- ----------------

but > 17 cm ------------------- ℓ ------------------

for 15cm) --a---I I 20cm 20 cm
( a= 17-20cm)
Rate loading P= 400 kg/min(Tyre Pressure 7.2 kg/cm2= Pℓ/bd2)
Case 3: For if a< 17 cm for 15cm DISCARD

a= distance between line of fracture and nearest support,

IS:516-2019 Flexural strength.mp4
Temperature Gradients
 Restraining Stresses
Curling stresses due to max in interior
Temperature Gradients
Lesser/medium at edge
 Day time Curling
Convex upward Least in corner
C
Corner
T

a
 Night time Curling Concave upward

Edge Interior
T

C
 Westergaard’s (1926) Formulae

Corner
Load Stresses
a
Max- corner
Lesser/medium Interior
Edge
- edge
Least- Interior

Critical Loading Positions for Westergaard Analysis, 1926

CRITICAL FLEXURAL STRESS CONDITIONS
Combination of temperature and load stresses highest stress in PQC
 DESIGN ASPECTS
 
# Cement concrete is weak in bending (1/7 to1/9th of CS)
Flexural strength =
0.7(Compressive strength in Mpa)

=0.7(25) 0.5
= 5 *0.7 = 3.5 Mpa = 35 kg/cm2
# Design based on formulae-Westergaard, (1926) /FEM
 
# Temperature stresses calculated Bradbury’s
coefficient. + 4.0 Mpa for M 35 Grade Concrete

Stress Diagram - 4.0

MPa
 
 IRC:SP-62
 Axle loads be multiplied by LSF is 1.0.
 Computation of load stresses
1 - through charts
2 - user friendly computer
3 - empirical relation =

Edge Wheel Load Stress =

(0.803P/h2 )*[4 log10(ℓ/a)+ 0.666 (a/ℓ)-0.034]

 Jointed Plain without dowels
Longitudinal –Section of Rigid Pavement Rural
Road IRC:SP:62 -2014 M 30

PQC M 30

/Sub base, WBM 75-150 mm over 100 mm GSB/Drainage layer,

• Subgrade CBR Minimum 4%

• Jointed Plain with out dowels
• Joint Spacing 15 times the thickness
CBR 20%, 10% 5% 2.5%

Size > 2.36 mm 75 µ- 2.36 mm 2- 75 µ <2 µ

SPT 20 10 5 2.5 t/m 2

Sand size in flexible pavement passing 2.36 mm

Figure: Indian standard grain size soil classification system
Sand size in concrete passing 4.75 mm
 Layers & their function

5. Subgrade – Very low strength structural 4-8%

layer/Natural Foundation/Top portion of
embankment/ Improved Subgrade.300 mm
May take dead load on road, Protect sub soil
From bottom of subgrade -- 600 mm HFL

1) 150 mm Above OGL

6. Embankment-- need for HFL/Level/Alignment

Dynamic Cone Penetro-meter (DCP)

37
 SUBGRADE
(MOSR)

• Subgrade is properly drained, so camber in subgrade

• Modulus of Subgrade Reaction, MOSR > 5.5 kg/cm3

• Plate dia 750 mm Standard

• MOSR P (load in kg)

----------------------------------------
(Area cm2 * deflection 0.125 cm)

IS: 9214 Determination of Modulus of Subgrade Reaction

 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction ‘k’ value

k Value
Kg/cm2/cm  2.1  2.8  3.5  4.2  4.8  5.0  6.2  6.9  14.0
 FUNCTION OF Sub-bases
1. Provide Stress Transmitting Medium

2. Distribute Wheel Loads

3. Have construction machinery

4. Accelerate Consolidation of top layer

 MORD Spec 2014.pdf page 422

Gradation for Granular Sub-base (GSB)

MORD Spec 2014.pdf page 17, 93

IRC SP 62-2014.pdf page 11

GSB MORD
UCS for base course/Upper sub base = 3.0 MPa

UCS for sub base course = 1.7 MPa

 Thickness mm base /subbase
Sub base/ case Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
base < 50 50-150 150-450
CVPD
CVPD CVPD

Granular Sub 100 100 100

Base
Granular Base 75 75 150
Cement Treated 175 100 100
Sub base
Cement treated - 100 100
Base
MORD
IRC 19-2005
 EFFECTIVE - k Value
Soaked CBR % 2 3 4 5 7 10 15 20 50
K value  21  28  35  42  48  50  62  69  140
k mod. Value
(above value
*1.2)over
granular sub  25  34  42 50 58  60  74  83  170
base (150-250
mm) MPa/m
k mod. Value
over
Cementitious
subbase(150-  42  56  70 84 96  100  124  138  280
200 mm)
MPa/m
 Characteristics

Design wheel load 4500 kg (45 kN)

• Traffic Intensity >150 CVPD Max case 3
• CBR value of soil 4 % ( Minimum required)
• K value 3.5 kg/cm2/cm 35 Mpa/m
• K modified 4.2kg/cm 2/cm or 42 Mpa/m

• Flexural strength 38 kg/sq cm ( 0.7(30)^0.5)

• 200 mm PQC , M-30 Grade Concrete
WBM, Base 150 mm
100 mm GSB, granular sub base drainage layer

300 mm Thick Soil Layer CBR 4%

Resilient modulus, µ and Coeff. of Thermal Expansion

E, Modulus of elasticity = 3 X 105 kg/cm2

Stress/Strain = 30 000MPa

µ Poisson ratio = 0.15

Lateral strain/longitudinal strain

 α Coefficient of Thermal linear expansion

= 10 X10-6 /cm/cm/oC
 Design Joint Width and Joint Spacing- Expansion Joint

Expansion Joint:

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, α

= 10*10-6 mm/mm/oC

Spacing of Expansion Joint = 140 m

in 1mm = 10*10-6 mm/oC

in 140000mm = 140 000* 10*10-6 mm/oC

for Temp gradient /oC = 1.4 mm

So for φt = 15 C o
o
Design Joint Width and Joint Spacing- Contraction Joint
Contraction Joint 4.5 m (15 times thickness ~15* 300 mm)

Drying Shrinkage = 0.06%

So for 100 mm = 0.06 mm

For 1 mm = 0.06/100 mm = 0.0006 mm

so in 4.5 m or 4500 mm:

For 4500 mm = 0.0006mm * 4500 = 2.7 mm

  Traffic Maximum = 450 CVPD
 Life = 20 years
 Rate of traffic growth = 2- 6 %
 Lane distribution factor = 0.5 for two lane
Weight Wheel Load
 Wheel Load on either side = 32.5 kN (3.25 ton)
 Dual wheels load on either side = 50 kN ( 5 ton)

 Case 1- Traffic upto 50 CVPD

 Case 2- Traffic ,, 50-150 CVPD
 Case 3 – Traffic .. 150-450 CVPD
 Concrete Properties

Flexural strength (Minimum) = 38 kg/cm2

or Minimum Flexural strength = 3.8 MPa at 28 days

or Minimum Flexural strength = 4.2 MPa at 90 days

Minimum Cement 310 kg/cum

Maximum Cement 425 kg/cum
Minimum Compressive strength = M30 MPa

= 300 kg/cm2 at 28 days

Temperature Gradients
 Steps of Design
1. Determine CBR of the subgrade Soil
2. Compute Modulus of subgrade reaction,
3. Traffic in CVPD > 3 ton vehicles
4. Select sub base
5. Minimum Grade of concrete M 30,
6. Flexural strength 3.8 MPa at 28 days, 4.2MPa at 90 d.
7. Assume trial thickness
8. Sum of load+ temperature stresses < flexural strength
 Design Procedure
 Wheel load = 4500 kg (Axle Load 9 t)
 Traffic Intensity = 150-450 CVPD (Max) Case 3
 Tyre pressure = 0.8 MPa or 8 kg/cm2
 CBR value of soil = 4%
 k value = 3.5 kg/cm2/cm or 35 Mpa/m
 Flexural strength = 38 kg/sq cm , 28 d. (3.8MPa)
= 41.8 kg/sq cm , 90 d. (4.2MPa)

Tentative Design
Grade Concrete = M-30 PQC thickness 200 mm
WBM 150 mm

GSB as drainage layer 100 mm

 Thickness mm base /subbase
Sub base/ case Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
base < 50 50-150 150-450
CVPD
CVPD CVPD

Granular Sub 100 100 100

Base
Granular Base 75 75 150
Cement Treated 175 100 100
Sub base
Cement treated - 100 100
Base
Radius of Dual Wheel

P = 4.5 ton
p, tyre pressure, = 8 kg/sq cm =4500/  a2
 a = √ (P/p ᴫ) = √ (4500/8 ᴫ) = √ [(4500*7/8 *22)]
a :Single wheel load= 13.38cm (Area = 562.6 cm 2)
In case single axle.

Equivalent radius for dual wheel = 17.5 cm

(excel sheet ) SP-62-2014.xlsx

 Radius of Relative Stiffness

P = Single wheel load = 45 kN or 4.5 tonne

h = Thickness of Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC)

m = Poisson’s ratio = Transverse strain/ Axial strain

ℓ = Radius of relative stiffness in cm

SP-62-2014.xlsx ¼
[ E xh3]
______________

[2xk (1- 2)]

 Calculation of Radius of relative
¼
ℓ = Radius of relativeness , in cm [ E xh3]
[12xk (1- 2)]

[3x105 x203] ¼
[12x4.2 (1- 0.152)]

83.5 cm = 0.835m = 835 mm

 Conditions of Contract (40)

Load flexural = +

Temp Stress

Or

Adjust Thickness sothat

Load Stress + Temp Stress < FLEXURAL STRENGTH

< 4.2 MPa

 Determination of Bradbury coefficient

ℓ = 0.835 m L = 3.75 m, L/ ℓ = 3.75 m/0.835 = 4.5 and C =0.56

Charts for Determining C

L/ℓ or W /ℓ C value L/ℓ or W /ℓ C
value
1 0.0 6 0.92
4 0.44 7 1.03
6 0.92 8 1.07

60
 Edge Temperature Stress Punjab .UP

tc = (E x  x dt ) C
2
Considering Linear Behaviour
= 30000x10-5x(13.1) X 0.56
2
1.1 MPa = 11 kg/cm2
L/ℓ = 3.75 m/0.835m = 4.5
Bradbury coefficient, C = 0.56
Thermal coefficient 10x10-6/OC
Residual 41.8 – 11 = 30.8 kg/cm2 61
 Edge Temperature Stress Punjab .UP

tc = (E x  x ∆t ) Considering non linear behaviour

4( 1- µ2)
IRC SP 62-2014.pdf 17 and 47
= 300000x10-5x(13.1)
4( 1- 0.15^2) 1.0 MPa or 10 kg/sq cm

L/ℓ = 3.75/0.835 = 4.5, so C = 0.56 not used in this

Residual 41.8 – 10 = 31.8 kg/cm2

62
Calculation of Edge Wheel Load Stress

Flexural St at 90 d = 3.8*1.1 = 4.18 MPa,  0.15

 te = (0.803P/h2 )*[4 log10(ℓ/a)+ 0.666 (a/ℓ)-0.034]

 = [0.803*4500/(20*20)]*[ 4*log (83.5/13.38) + 0.666 *( 13.38/83.5)-0.034]

 = [ 9.0337]*[ 4* log 6.2406 + 0.666*0.1602 - 0.034]

 = [ 9.0337] * [ 3.181 +0.1067 - 0.034] = 29.39 kg/cm 2.

 =Load stresses =29.39 kg/cm2 at 9 t axle load

 SP-62-2014.xlsx
• IRC 15 2017.pdf
• IRC 58-2015.pdf
• IRC-58 2015 excel sheet.xls
• SP-62-2014.xlsx
 Edge Wheel Load Stress + Temperature Stresses

29.39+ 11 (max of two values) = 40.39 kg/sq cm < 41.8 kg/cm2

So, 200 mm PQC is safe for - 9 ton axle load - case 3 (200 CVPD)

Analysis through fatigue /no of repetition

Stress Ratio =

Flexural Stresses Due to load

Flexural Strength

= 29.39/41.8 = 0.70
Allowable Repetition From Stress Ratio
SR= 29.39/42 = 0.7 Nf = allowable
repetition

Log 10 Nf = 0.7 -2.222

0.523

Stress Ratio 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Allowable 83,26,33,865 8,89,264 16,736 1,378
Repetition
 Module (Lecture 3 & 4)

Pavement -Design, Construction and

Maintenance
Subject
i) Software Practical Application
ii) Mix Design
iii) Design using Excell Format sheet
iv) Hands on Practice of CC mix Design

Participants
Assistant Engineer/Junior Engineer
o EXCEL FOR DESIGN
 Granular sub bases - Case 1 and2

CASE 1 &2 3.75 mm

Thickness 150-200 Contraction Joint @4.5 m with out

PQC M 30 width 3.75 m dowel bars

mm

75 mm
WBM/WMM 75mm width 4.2 m
100 mm
Granular Sub base of Minimum CBR 30%, PI < 6, LL < 25, width 5.5 m

Figure 1 (a) A Typical Cross- Section of Rigid Pavement for Low Volume Single Lane Road

4.5 m 4.5m 4.5m 4.5m 4.5 m

PQC M 30 width 3.75 m, length 22.5 m, thickness 150-200 mm Note: Contraction joint, undowelled,
initially cutti ng joints of 3 mm wide
with in 48 hours of laying. Depth 1/3
WBM/WMM 75mm width 4.2 m rd to 1/4th of PQC Thickness. Further
Joint cutti ng of width about 8 mm &
Granular Sub base of Minimum CBR 30%, PI < 6, LL < 25, width 5.5 m, 100 mm
depth 15 mm after 28 days curing and
Figure 1 (b) A Typical Longitudinal Section of Rigid Pavement for Low Volume Single Lane Road sealing with hot or cold sealant when
dry as per IRC: 57
Note: Contraction joint, undowelled, initially cutti ng joints of 3 mm wide with in 48 hours of laying.
Depth 1/3 rd to 1/4th of PQC Thickness. Further Joint cutti ng of width about 8 mm & depth 15 mm
after 28 days curing and sealing with hot or cold sealant when dry as per IRC: 57
 Granular Sub bases - Case 3

CASE 1 3 3.75 mm
Thickness 150-200 Contraction Joint @4.5 m with out
dowel bars
PQC M 30 width 3.75 m mm

75 mm
WBM/WMM 150 mm width 4.2 m

100 mm
Granular Sub base of Minimum CBR 30%, PI < 6, LL < 25, width 5.5 m

Figure 1 (a) A Typical Cross- Section of Rigid Pavement for Low Volume Single Lane Road

4.5 m 4.5m 4.5m 4.5m 4.5 m

150 mm
Note: Contraction joint, undowelled,
PQC M 30 width 3.75 m, length 22.5 m, thickness 150-200 mm initially cutti ng joints of 3 mm wide
with in 48 hours of laying. Depth 1/3
WBM/WMM 150 mm width 4.2 m rd to 1/4th of PQC Thickness. Further
Joint cutting of width about 8 mm &
Granular Sub base of Minimum CBR 30%, PI < 6, LL < 25, width 5.5 m, 100 mm
depth 15 mm after 28 days curing and
Figure 1 (b) A Typical Longitudinal Section of Rigid Pavement for Low Volume Single Lane Road sealing with hot or cold sealant when
dry as per IRC: 57
Note: Contraction joint, undowelled, initially cutti ng joints of 3 mm wide with in 48 hours of laying.
Depth 1/3 rd to 1/4th of PQC Thickness. Further Joint cutting of width about 8 mm & depth 15 mm

after 28 days curing and sealing with hot or cold sealant when dry as per IRC: 57
 CBR %
Effective or Design CBR % Subgrade

EMBANKMENT
Insitu soil

Select Soil CBR % Subgrade

 MORTH Pocket Book 2019 page 70
• 5.2.2.3
• Traffic day hours responsible for bottom-up cracking

• Night time traffic may lead to top-down cracking.

Maximum tensile stress at top
(top-down cracking)

• 5.2.2.4 Assessment of average daily traffic should normally be

based on seven day 24 hours IRC:9.
First 25% of (Total Traffic * 2.35 on single lane one direction)
BUC Day Time 40% Loading ( 12 hours). For 6 hr CVPDX 0.2
1600 for 2- lane

800 CVPD –single

25%=
200 CVPD

200*2.35
470 CVPD

470*0.4
235 for 12 hr

117 for 6 hr
 First 25% of (Total Traffic * 2.35 on single
lane one direction)
Maximum tensile stress at top
(top-down cracking) 6 hours traffic 60% *0.5 = 0.3
( out of 100 CVPD 60% night ( 12 hr) and 40
day ( 6 hr)
Figure 4 Two Axles of a commercial vehicle
acting on warped pavement in night hours
(TDC Night Time 60% Loading)*0.50
1600 for 2- lane

800 CVPD –single

25%=
200 CVPD

200*2.35
470 CVPD

470*0.6
235 for 12 hr

117 for 6 hr
117*0.5= 58
58* 0.5 Spacing
Figure 5 Different types of trucks causing tensile stress at the top fibre
of pavement Slab with tied concrete shoulder
 MORTH Pocket Book for Highway Engineers 2019 page 70

5.2.2.2 The commonly used spacing of transverse joint is 4.5 m.

75
 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction ‘k’ value

Soaked
2 3 4 5 7 10 15 20 50
CBR %

k Value
 21  28  35  42  48  50  62  69  140
MPa/m
MORTH Pocket Book 2019 page 69
• 5.2 Design of Rigid Pavement NH

• 5.2.1 Rigid pavement for new roads IRC:58 “Guidelines for

the Design of Plain Jointed Rigid Pavements for Highways”.

• Considerations of flexural stress under simultaneous

action of load and temperature gradient

• For different categories of axles and also considering sum

of cumulative damages caused by axle loads.
MORTH
MORTH Pocket Book 2019 page
page 69
69
• 5.2 Design of Rigid Pavement

• With widened outer lane/roughen surface ,

• tied concrete shoulders,
• pavements bonded

• Number of daily commercial vehicles > 450 numbers with laden

weight exceeding 30 kN.

• Cement concrete pavement may be designed to have a life span of

30 years or more.
 MORTH Pocket Book 2019 page 69
• 5.2.2.1 Axle load survey to be conducted for 48 hours.

• Vehicles surveyed selected randomly to avoid bias.

• If spacing of consecutive axles (wheel base) is > 2.4 m,

• Each axle shall be considered as single axle.

• Intervals -fatigue damage analysis:

• Single Axle 10 KN
• Tandem Axle 20 KN
• Tridem Axle 30 KN
• VDF = (60 Kn Over loaded tridem axle)4
2 4 =16 ( 30 Kn Standard tridem axle)4
 MORTH Pocket Book 2019 page 70
• 5.2.2.2 Wheel Base Characteristics

• Commonly used spacing of transverse joint is 4.5 m.

• Axles with spacing more than 4.5 m will not contribute TDC. NIGHT
Stresses

Maximum tensile stress at top

(top-down cracking)
 MORTH Pocket Book 2019 page 71
Day Time
•5.2.2.5 Edge flexural stress
caused by axle loads for
Bottom Up Cracking (Day
Time) is maximum at edge.

•Lateral distribution :

•25% of total traffic in

direction of traffic is to be
considered for design.
 MORTH Pocket Book 2019 page 71
Night Time
• 5.2.2.6
• Only those commercial vehicles with spacing between front axle
and first rear axle less than spacing of transverse joints is
considered for analysis of top down cracking.
Maximum tensile stress at top
(top-down cracking)

• A default value of Figure 4 Two Axles of a commercial vehicle

acting on warped pavement in night hours

fifty percent

Figure 5 Different types of trucks causing tensile stress at the top fibre
of pavement Slab with tied concrete shoulder
MORTH Pocket Book 2019 page 71
n
 MORTH Pocket Book 2019 page 72
• 5.2.3 Temperature Consideration

• Temperature differential between top and bottom fibers of

concrete pavements causes concrete slab to curl

• Giving rise to Temperature stresses.

• Temperature differential, given site for analysis./IRC:58.

• Maximum temperature differential during night is half of

day temperature+ 5 deg C.
 MORTH PocketBook 2019 page 73

MORTH_ Pocket Book for Highway Engineers-2019.pdf page 88

• A minimum CBR of 8% for 500 mm select soil subgrade.

• A subbase layer of Dry Lean Concrete (DLC) with minimum

thickness of 150 mm, 7 day compressive strength of 7 Mpa.

• Cement treated subbase with recycled or marginal

aggregated have also been recommended in IRC:58.

• Interface layer -smooth to reduce interlayer friction by

providing a de-bonding interlayer of polythene sheet white
or transparent - minimum thickness of 150 micron
 MORTH Pocket Book 2019 page 73
MORTH_ Pocket Book for Highway Engineers-2019.pdf
89 page

5.2.5 Recommended Design Procedure Steps : IRC: 58

Step 1 : Stipulate design values for parameters. E, fck, Meu, Dt, K, fcr, unit wt

Step 2 : Select a trial design thickness of pavement slab.

Step 3 : Compute repetitions of axle loads say 30 years design life. r= rate of traffic

Step 4 : Find proportions of axle load repetitions operating - day and night periods.

Step 5 : Estimate axle load repetitions in six-hour-period during day time

Maximum temperature differential is assumed to remain constant during
6 hours for analysis of bottom-up cracking
 MORTH Pocket Book 2019 page 74
• Step 6 : Estimate axle load repetitions in six-hour period during the night time.

• Maximum negative temperature differential during night is taken as half of day-time

maximum temperature differential.

• Built in negative temperature differential of 5ºC developed during setting of concrete is

to be added to temperature differential for analysis of top-down cracking. (night)

• Only those vehicles with spacing between front (steering) axle and first rear axle less
than transverse joint spacing need to be considered for top-down cracking.

(night)
 MORTH Pocket Book 2019 page 74
• Step 7 : Compute flexural stresses at edge due to single and tandem axle loads during
day time. BUC ( DAY)

• Determine stress ratio (Flexural stress/Modulus of Rupture)

• Evaluate the Cumulative Fatigue Damage (CFD) for single and tandem axle loads. (day)

• Step 8 : Compute maximum flexural stress in top surface of pavement slab with front
axle near approaching transverse joint and rear axle close to following joint in same
panel. TDC (NIGHT)

• Determine stress ratio and evaluate CFD for analysis of top-down cracking. TDC (night)

• Step 9 : Sum of CFD for the BUC and TDC. (Day + night)

• If sum is less than 1.0, pavement slab is safe against fatigue cracking.
 MORTH Pocket Book 2019 page 74
• 5.2.5.2 Design process is programmed on an excel sheet
• It is included in a CD enclosed with these guidelines IRC: 58- 2015.

• Enable designer to make several trials conveniently.

• Designer has to provide :

• i) modulus of the subgrade reaction of the foundation supporting the pavement slab,
• Ii) 28-day compressive and flexural strength of concrete,
• Iii) temperature differential; state/region
• Iv) traffic data: Load and frequency

a) rate of traffic growth,

b) axle load spectrum,
c) proportion of single, tandem and tridem axles,
d) proportion of trucks with wheel base less than transverse joint spacing (say 4.5 m).
 MORTH Pocket Book 2019 page 75
• Excel sheets provide designs by considering 90-day strength of paving

• Concrete (minimum 28 day flexural strength is taken as 4.5 MPa).

• Any other strength including that of high performance concrete can be input.

• 90 day strength can safely be used because of numbers of conservative assumption in

design.

• 5.2.6 Design of Joints

i) Contraction joints

ii) Construction joints

iii) Expansion joint

iv) Longitudinal joint

MORTH Pocket Book 2019 page 75
• 5.2.6.2 Contraction joints -transverse joints to relieve tensile stresses

• depends -coarse aggregates and temperature fluctuation

• Spacing of contraction joints should be limited to 4.5 m to prevent

top-down cracking TDC during the night hours.

• Expansion joints are no longer in use.

• Construction joints are as far as possible, be placed at contraction

joints except in case of emergency.

• 5.2.6.3 Dowel -for load transfer of transverse joints.

MORTH Pocket Book 2019 page 76
MORTH Pocket Book 2019 page 77

• IRC-58 2015 excel sheet.xls

• IRC:118 “Guidelines for Design and Construction

of Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement”.

• Riding quality remains smoothen as there are no

transverse joints but noise problem persists
IRC58-2015
97
 LANE DISTRIBUTION FACTOR

1. Single-lane roads: 100% CVPD in both directions.

2. Two-lane single carriageway roads-
50% of the CVPD in both directions.

3. Four-lane single carriageway roads-

40 per cent of the total number CVPD.
4. Dual carriageway roads-
75 % of CVPD in each direction.
5. Three-lane/dual four-lane carriageway-
60 /45% .
 Steps of Design
• IRC-58 2015 excel sheet.xls

• Select trial thickness say 32 mm for

• W= 9000 kg
• Design for 18 tonnes Axle load

• Determine edge load stresses

• Check for Stress ratio < 0.5

•
•
Design Parameters

• Flexural strength of concrete = 45 kg/cm2 (4.5 MPa)

• CBR value of the soil (%) =10 (K 5.5 kg/cm3 )

• Modified k for 150 DLC = 300 MPa/m or 30 kg/cm 3

• Elastic Modulus =3x105 kg/cm2

• Poison’s ratio =0.15

• Coefficient of expansion =10x10-6 /0C

• Tyre Pressure =7.2 kg/cm2

• Rate of traffic increase (%) =7.5

•

• Design traffic intensity, CVPD, two lane Vehicles 2553

• 2553 * 0.5 = 1277 CVPD/lane ( Total vehicles)

1277 *2.35 = 3000 Equivalent standard axles

• Cumulative repetition in 30 years, standard axles=

1277X2.35 x365 ( 1.075 30 - 1)
0.075
per lane =113258200 ( 113 MSA)
Two lane 226 msa
•Design Traffic (Total number of axles) day time
• = 113 x0.25*0.2= 5.65 msa day time
•Night Time = 113*0.25*0.3*o.55= 4.66 msa
 AXLE LOAD SPECTRUM

Proportion of Front single (steering) Axles, K1 0.450

Proportion of Rear single Axles,K2 0.150

Proportion of tandem Axles, K3 0.250

Proportion of Tridem Axles, K4 = (1-K1-K2-K3) 0.150

 Day time total 5.65 msa
Rear single 15% of
848771
5.65 msa, Axles = H * 0.848 msa
K2=
Tandem Axles 25% of 1414619
5.65 msa , = H * K3 1.41 msa

Tridem Axles 15% of 848771

5.65 msa , 0.848 msa
= H * K4
 Rear Single Axle
Load Group Mid-Point of
(kN) Load Group Frequency (%)
(kN)
185-195 190 1.8
175-185 180 17.43 15278
165-175 170 18.27 147941
155-165 160 12.98 155071
145-155 150 2.98 110171
135-145 140 1.62 25293
125-135 130 2.62 13750
115-125 120 2.65
22238
105-115 110 2.65
95-105 100 3.25 22492
85-95 90 19.6 22492
< 85 80 14.15 27585
    100 166359
120101
848771
 Rear Single Axles

Mid-Point of Expected Flex Stress Stress Ratio Allowable Fatigue Damage

Repetitions (ni)
Load Group (kN) MPa (SR) Repetitions (Ni) (ni/Ni)

190 15278 2.603 0.526 263485 0.058

180 147941 2.514 0.508 532273 0.278
170 155071 2.424 0.490 1305448 0.119
160 110171 2.335 0.472 4514381 0.024
150 25293 2.245 0.454 34184741 0.001
140 13750 2.156 0.435 infinite 0.000
130 22238 2.066 0.417 infinite 0.000
120 22492 1.977 0.399 infinite 0.000
110 22492 1.887 0.381 infinite 0.000
100 27585 1.798 0.363 infinite 0.000
90 166359 1.708 0.345 infinite 0.000
80 120101 1.619 0.327 infinite 0.000
  848771 Fat Dam from Sing. Axles = 0.480
Cumulative repetitions, = 113222346

Design traffic =25% of repetitions of total traffic, B = 28305586

Bottom-up cracking (BUC)
For the analysis of BUC, 6 hours of day traffic is considered
12 hr day time traffic (40% of B), D = 11322235
12 hr night time traffic (60% of B), E = 16983352
6 hr day time traffic for BUC (50% of D), F = 5661117
6 hr night time traffic for BUC, (50% of E), G = 8491676
 Tandem K< 80 Mpa/m
• 0.188 +0.93 (yh2/kl2) + 1.025 (Ph/kl4)+0.0207 DT

• 0.188 + 0.93(24*0.300^2/75*0.693^2)+1.025(180*0.3/75*0.693^4)+0.0207*15.8

• 0.188+ 0.0139*75/300 +0.8*75/300+0.327= in Mpa

N = unlimited for SR < 0.45

SR= load stress / modulus of rupture of concrete

111
 IRC 15 page 65 clause 11.5
• Horizontal or vertical rotational alignment : ≤ 10 mm over 500 mm • Longitudinal side shift : ≤
50 mm over 500 mm
• Depth : Mid-depth ± 25 mm
• 11.5.3 Density Density shall be assessed from at least 3 cores drilled from each part of the trial length.
Voids in the cores shall not be more than 3 per cent

• Magnetic Pulse Induction (MPI)

• More than half of the dowel bars at a joint do not meet any of the acceptance
criteria mentioned in Clause 11.5.2, then the joint shall be treated as a locked joint
and rejected. Such locked joints shall be reconstructed using Full Depth Repair (FDR)

112
113
 IRC 117 page 3

• Conditions of
dowel /tie bars
time to time

• retrofitting of
dowel and tie bars

• Method for filling

of voids detected
by FWD testing
/GPR

• by cement grouting
• retrofitting
Appendix-I

114
Max bearing stress between concrete & dowel bar

F = kmds Pt(2+βZ)
(4 β 3 E I)

β, relative stiffness of bar = [kmds bd ] ^0.25

[ E I] ^0.25

Modulus of dowel support, kmds = 415000 Mpa/m

Pt = Load transfer by design dowel bar kN
bd= Dia of dowel bar in mm
 DESIGN of DOWEL BAR

Allowable bearing stress Fb

= (101.6- bd ) fck
95.25

= ( 101.6- 38 mm)*40
95.25

= 26.7 M Pa
 Bearing Stress - Calculation
• Calculated Bearing stress in dowel bar Fb max :

• 18.4 kN*415000*(2+(0.021*20mm)
4* (0.021)^3*2*10^5*102302
(Pt kmds (2+ βZ)
4( β3EI)
23.1 M Pa which is less than 26.7 M Pa

Design of dowel is OK
Area of the steel required / m length of joint

• As= b f W/Sst

As = area steel in sq mm,

b, = Lane width in m, 3.5 m
f = coefficient of friction subbase course and
PQC = 1.5
W = weight of slab in kN/sq m 24kN/sq m

Sst allowable working stress in steel

 Length of tie bar L = 2* Length of bonded
28.08.2018\Dowe bar and tie bars design.xlsx
28.08.2018\IRC 58-2015.pdf 100, 82 chart

• L = 2 *Sst*Acs/B*Ptb

• Acs cross-sectional area one tie bar in sq mm

• Ptb perimeter of tie bar

• B bond stress of concrete 2.46 MPa – deformed

• 1.75 MPa for plain

• F = 1.5
601.6.7 MORTH: Curing 3/7 days DLC

Curing compound applied over entire exposed surface of Dry

Lean Concrete, including sides and edges, at rate of 0.2
litres/sq.m, or as recommended by the supplier.

602.9.12.3 Curing PQC

After three hours, pavement covered by moist hessian laid in

two layers and same shall then be kept damp for a minimum
period of 14 days.

602.13 Traffic Opening:

Opening to Traffic No vehicular traffic shall be allowed to ply on

the finished surface of a concrete pavement within a period of
28 days of its construction and until the joints are permanently
sealed (IRC 15-2017 32 MPa atleast) 120
• Category Length of crack m/sq m Value of C
• Slightly Cracked 1-2.5 C = 1.0
• Fairly Cracked 2.5-5.5 C = 0.75
• Moderately Cracked 5.5 -8.5 C = 0.55
• Badly Cracked 8.5-12 C= 0.35
• IRC:SP:17-2019
• Unbonded Overlay:
Ho = [ h 2 - C. he 2] 1/2

• Partially bonded overlay

Ho = [ h 1.4 - C. he 1.4] 1/1.4

• Fully Bonded Overlay

Ho = [ h - C. he ]
• Circular Integration of NSV_FWD Survey Data
with RAMS for all
NHs_OM dt 040221.pdf
• Circular NSV - Guidelines - letter - 31.07.20.pdf
• circular Reinforcing Steel Clause Circular dated
12.02.2021 (1).pdf
• MORTH Circular Width of shoulder (Paved and
Earthen) for two
laning of National Highways.pdf
• Technical Circular Guidelines for Metal Crash b
8.2 Types of Joints IRC:15-2017 page 24
• IRC:57
• (i) Expansion joint: Provides space into
which pavement can expand, relieving
compressive stresses due to expansion
and inhibiting any tendency towards
buckling of concrete slabs.

• (ii) Contraction joint: Relieves tensile

stresses in concrete and prevents
formation of irregular cracks due to
restraint in free contraction of concrete.
• Relieve stresses due to warping.
 8.2 Types of Joints IRC:15-2017 page 24
• IRC:57

• (iii) Longitudinal joint: Longitudinal joint relieves

stresses due to warping. These are commonly
used for dividing the pavement into lanes when
width of the slab becomes more than 4.5 m.

• (iv) Construction Joint: Construction joints are

provided whenever day’s construction
operations start and stops/ends. These are full
depth joints Construction should be so planned
that days construction activity may end at the
location of regular contraction joint. It may also
be provided where paving stops for more than
half an hour due to stoppage of work.
Contraction Joints Placement of dowel bars Crack below
Longitudinal Joints Transverse Joints Contraction Jt.

-Plan Load transverse device

Contraction Joints
Dowel bars Placement
126
If no dowel bars. Dummy Contraction Joint
 Consolidation of concrete around dowel
frequency may be reduced to 25 per cent
should also be checked by taking few
of joints.
random cores above dowel bars

127
128
129
 Contraction Joint,
Construction Joints, Expansion Joints,
Longitudinal Joints, Different Types of Joints:
IRC 15 2017.pdf

page 28-41 Fig Joints,

joints details,
61 tied shoulder
131
Jointed Reinforced
 Continuously Reinforced
IRC: 101
IRC: 118

Jointless Rigid Pavement--- Donot avoid

proper compaction
 Case study NH 60 WB

NH-60(west Bengal)  Project

CPVD for this road is 2500.
CFD wrt BUC and TDC  against 300 mm thick PQC(M40 grade
concrete) over 150 mm DLC. and 150 mm GSB and 500 mm subgrade
with 8% CBR is 0.592.
Case study NH 60 WB
Case study NH 60 WB
 Case study NH 60 WB
IRC 15 2017.pdf page 39, 62
Case study NH 60 WB
 Fresher can take care of him/her only, but
Senior shall take care him/her and self

Yes, it is my Job
Don't
walk in front of me,
I may not follow.
Don't walk behind me,
I may not lead.
Walk beside me and
It is not my Job
 Smile, Smile, Smile. THANKS PL.
It removes the tension
of your file.
Let there be even a huge pile
You can complete them
with a smile.
Smile beautifies your face.
With it you win a race.
Let it be an unsolved case.
You can solve it with a smile on
face.
It is a gift of God,
But it very odd.
We donot need money.
Donot you think it is funny 141
We all take different paths in life, but no
matter where we go, we take a little of each
other everywhere.
Friends are God's way of taking care of us.

THANK YOU PLEASE

IRC:SP:16-2019
MORTH Page 272
now 200 micron
145
 IRC 15-2017 page 16

• 6.1 No soft spots are present in the subgrade. (ii) The subgrade shall have a
minimum CBR of 8 per cent. (iii) The camber and super-elevation of subgrade
shall be same as that of the DLC & PQC.

• 6.5.4 Thickness of DLC sub-base should be minimum 150 mm. The surface finish
of the sub-base shall be smooth. The average compressive strength of each
consecutive group of 5 cubes shall not be less than 7 MPa at 7 days. For PQC
bonded to DLC, the 7-day strength of DLC should not be less than 10 MPa. If it is
desired to have PQC bonded to DLC, the surface of DLC is to be roughened with
wire brush within 3-6 hours of laying.

• 6.5.5 Where the embankment consists of clay having liquid limit more than 50
per cent, such as, black cotton soil, the subgrade soil should be stabilised with
lime and cement or any other approved stabilizer (achieving minimum CBR 15
per cent) with a minimum thickness of 500 mm. Alternatively, black cotton soil
should be replaced with suitable soil of minimum CBR of 8 per cent.
MORTH 2013 Pavement Quality Concrete
Clause 602.6 pae 273

Joints in DLC and PQC MORTH 2013.PDF page 289, 308 MIT
scanner
Sawing of Joints or Cutting of Joints
1. Sawing of joints carried out with diamond studded blades

2. Soon after concrete has hardened

3. To take load of sawing machine and crew members

4. Without damaging texture of pavement.

5. Sawing operation could start as early as 4-8 hours after laying of concrete pavement

6. But not later than 8 to 12 hours

MORTH 2013 Pavement Quality Concrete Clause 602.6 pae 273
Joints in DLC and PQC MORTH 2013.PDF page 289, 308 MIT
scanner
Sawing of Joints or Cutting of Joints
ASTM Maturity Meter C 1074 602.6.1
7. Depending upon ambient temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity, maturity of
concrete achieved.
8. When kerb cast integrally with main pavement slab, joint cutting-extended to kerb.
9. Where use of maturity meter is specified, sawing should not be initiated when
compressive strength of concrete is less than 2 MPa
10. Should be completed before it attains the compressive strength of 7 MPa.
 MORTH 2013 Pavement Quality Concrete Clause 602.6.2.2 page 273
602.11.5.2 page 291 MORTH 2013.PDF 290-291

• Contraction Joints
• Tie Bar - Dowel Bar Alignment for Concrete Pavement
s - MIT-DOWEL-SCAN.mp4
 
Magnetic Imaging Tomography technique (MIT),
• Contraction joints shall consist of a mechanical sawn
joint groove, 3 to 5 mm wide and one-fourth to one-
third depth of the slab ± 5 mm

• Contraction joint widened subsequently after 14 d. to

accommodate the sealant as per IRC:57
150
 IRCSP17 2.3.2
• Modulus of resilience (MR) of a layer estimated by
test < 50% of standard MR for fresh layer condition,
• Then layer will give uncertain performance and
hence can be assumed to be damaged.
• Vertical compressive stress in each layer of subbase
and subgrade limited to a value which will not
allow cumulative deflection (considering long term
plasticity) > 0.5 mm at top of pavement under
design wheel load.
 IRCSP17 2.3.2
• k value of composite subbase should be taken
70% of the reliable value assessed from test
(as per para 4.8.1).
• If the test value at top of subbase is less than
100 MPa/m (10 kg/cm³), there may be
chances that failure may occur in less than 30
years, and in such a case, a layer may be
added to subbase
 IRCSP17 cl 3.2, 6.1
• Bonded Minimum 150 mm, 200 mm unbonded
• The distress in existing pavement should not be
more than in 10% area of pavement surface
• k. If existing base has dowels in good (FWD)
condition, the overlay may not be provided with
dowels.
• 4.6.1. if movement is confined to isolated areas,
full-depth repairs in these areas may be
considered.
 IRCSP17 2.3.2
• 4.7.1. concrete near the edge has flexural strength
about 10% less than that in the interior
• The modulus of rupture (flexural strength)
• f cr = 1.305 ftk Split tensile strength
• Stress ratio
• IRCSP:87: cl 5.9.7 The thickness of bituminous
overlay for pavement strengthening shall not be less
than 50 mm bituminous concrete, after attending to
the requirements of profile corrective course.
IRC:SP:87-2019
IRC:SP:87-2019/IRCSP:99-2021
 IRC:SP:16-2019
• An increase in road roughness results in higher
road user costs and uncomfortable ride
inviting criticism from the traveling public.
• Response Type Road Roughness Measuring
System (RTRRMS).
deflectio Evaluation Process
n

Distance
158
Ground Penetrating Radar
 IRI ( International
Roughness Index )=

0.0032x (BI)0.89

Bump Integrator

DIP STICK
Detection of Voids

161
Evaluation Process
The area of deflection basin should be
calculated using following formulae –

162
 Evaluation Process
From area of deflection basin -Radius of relative stiffness

For liquid foundation:-

Normalised deflections
=
 

163
Evaluation Process
Sub-grade Modules(Ki)

= Radius of relative stiffness

Measured deflection in FP = 0.8 mm For 45 kN.

Normalised def = 0.8*40/45 for 40kN=0.711mm
164
 RADIUS OF RELATIVE STIFFNESS

h = Thickness of Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC) in cm

m = Poisson’s ratio = Transverse strain/ Axial strain

1/4
ℓ = Radius of relative stiffness = [ E xh3]
__________________

12xk (1- 2)]

165
 1. Elastic Modulus (MPa) of concrete can be found by using the formulae
12 ሺ1−𝜇 𝑐 ሻ𝑘 𝑙 4
𝐸𝑐 = …… 4
1000 ℎ 3
𝜇𝑐 = Poisson’s Ratio of Concrete.
h = Thickness of concrete layer in mm.
l = radius of relative stiffness in mm
k = modulus of subgrade reaction in MPa/m
E = Elastic modulus of concrete, MPa
Strength of concrete can be1/2
2. E= 5000* (fck) determined from the value of Ec from the following
relation
0.50 ………
fc = (Ec / 5000) 5
E = 5000 *fck
2 2

Flexural strength (fmr) can be determined from the fc of the concrete slab as given below
3. fck = E 2
/5000
fmr = 0.7 (fc)o.50
2

= (30000*30000)/(5000*5000) = 36 Mpa
Fcr = 0.7 (fck)1/2
166
MORTH Pocket Book 2019 MORTH_
Pocket Book for Highway Engineers-2019.pdf page 303
 Educational

•EXTRA SLIDES

•FOR EDUCATIONAL

•KNOWLEDGE
MORTH Pocket Book 2019 MORTH_
Pocket Book for Highway Engineers-2019.pdf page 63
MORTH Pocket Book 2019 MORTH_
Pocket Book for Highway Engineers-2019.pdf page 64
MORTH Pocket Book 2019 MORTH_
Pocket Book for Highway Engineers-2019.pdf page 66
MORTH Pocket Book 2019 MORTH_
Pocket Book for Highway Engineers-2019.pdf page 69
 MORTH Pocket Book for Highway Engineers 2019 Clause 9.8 page 205
Concrete mix shall be proportioned with a maximum aggregate cement ratio of 14:1 where
OPC is used and 12:1 where PPC or PSC is used.
MORTH_ Pocket Book for Highway Engineers-2019.pdf 220 page.. Water absorption 3% F.
agg.

Minimum cementitious materials shall not be less than 140 kg/cum of concrete.
DLC may have 1 percent higher moisture content to compensate evaporation loss during
transport.

Subgrade - modified proctor density of not less than 97 percent.

Lean concrete subbase shall not be laid on a subgrade softened by rain after is final
preparation.

every month.
Water absorption not more than 2% (coarse aggregates) PQC

173
 MORTH Pocket Book for Highway Engineers 2019 page 70
5.2.2.2 The commonly used spacing of transverse joint is 4.5 m.

174
MORTH Pocket Book for Highway Engineers 2019 Clause 9.8 page 206-207

Clause 9.8b Dry lean concrete shall be laid by a hydrostatic paver

175
176
MORTH Pocket Book for Highway Engineers 2019 Clause 9.8 page 210

177
 MORTH Pocket Book for Highway Engineers 2019 Clause 9.9 page 207-208

MORTH_ Pocket Book for Highway Engineers-2019.pdf page 223,

178
IRC 15-2017 Construction of Concrete roads

179
DESIGN OF WHIITE TOPPING AND

COMPOSITE PAVEMENT
S. No.
REDUCTION IN STRESSES- Bond
Degree of bonding Stresses

1. 0 percent 6.0 MPa

2. 25 percent 4.4 MPa

3. 100 percent 2.5 MPa

Between no bonding and 25% bonding

=
6 – 4.4 =1.6/6 = 26.66%

Between 100% bonding and no

bonding =
6 – 2.5 = 3.5/6 x 100 = 58.33%
 REDUCTION IN STRESSES- Panel Size

The reduction in load stresses due to smaller panel size of

1x1 m as compared to the panel size of 4x4 m is

[(3.5–2)/3.5]x100 = 1.5/3.5 = 42.85%.

Reduction in stresses is 26.6% + 42.86% = 69.15%.

 Pavement evaluation
• IRC:58 for ‘k’ value
from CBR

• ACPA chart to
determine modified
‘k’ value

• Benkelman Beam
Deflection - modified
modulus of subgrade
reaction - IRC 81
 Granular
base
Source
ACPA

Modulus

of

Subgrade

Reaction