MINI PROJECT-I (KMBN152)

REPORT
Guidelines for Mini Project-I (KMBN152)
ON

“TOPIC”

Sound Wave Detector

For the partial fulfilment of the requirement

for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

to

DR. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

DR POYAM SHARMA PRIYANSHU KUMAR

Academic Session: 2023-2025

1
 Certificate

I PRIYANSHU KUMAR Roll No. ______________________from MBA-I Sem, of Mangalmay

Institute of Management & Technology, U.P. hereby declare that the Mini Project-1 (KMBN 152)
entitled _Sound Wave Detector_ submitted in partial fulfillment of Master of Business
Administration (MBA) to be awarded by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University Lucknow is
an original work and the same has not been submitted to any other Institute for the award of any
other degree.

Date: Signature of the Student

Certified that the Mini Project-1 (KMBN 152) submitted in partial fulfillment of Master of Business
Administration (MBA) to be awarded by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University Lucknow by
______________________________Enrolment No. ________________________________has been
completed under my guidance and is Satisfactory.

Date: Signature of the Faculty Guide

Name of the Faculty Guide:-

DR POYAM SHARMA

Name & Signature of Coordinator:

Dr. Jaspreet Kaur

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude towards DR POYAM SHARMA for guiding
me throughout the project.
The written Mini Project under the guidance of Dr Poyam sharma faculity of
MANGALMAY INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY
knowledge park – II , Greater Noida (UP).
I would like to thanks Poyam ma’am for her support and efforts that she given to
me to complete this project .

THANK YOU.
PRIYANSHU KUMAR

3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO CONTENTS PAGE

NO
1 INTRODUCTION 5-7

2 FUNDAMENTALS OF SOUND WAVE 8-10

3 OVERVIEW OF SOUND WAVE DETECTORS 11-14

4 COMPONENTS AND WORKING PRINCIPLE 15-17

5 TYPES OF SOUND WAVE DETECTORS 18-19

6 DESIGN CONSIDERATION 20-22

7 APPLICATION OF SOUND WAVE DETECTORS 23

8 CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 24-25

9 CASE STUDIES 26-29

10 CONCLUSION 30

4
 FIGURES OF CONTENT

Figure 1 Sound Wave.............................................................................................................................7

Figure 2 Sound Sensor...........................................................................................................................9
Figure 3 Ultrasonic waves.....................................................................................................................10
Figure 4 Vibrating Diaphragm...............................................................................................................11
Figure 5 Microphone Detector.............................................................................................................12
Figure 6 Searchlight SONAR..................................................................................................................14
Figure 7 Sector Scan SONAR.................................................................................................................15
Figure 8 Scanning SONAR.....................................................................................................................16
Figure 9 Ultrasonic transducer..............................................................................................................17
Figure 10 MIcrocontroller.....................................................................................................................19
Figure 11 Ultrasonic Proximity Sensor..................................................................................................23
Figure 12 Interfacing Knock Sensor.......................................................................................................25
Figure 13 SAW Sensors.........................................................................................................................27
Figure 14 Sound wave Detection In Smart Cities...................................................................................31

5
 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

Sometimes our ability to perceive

sounds around us is
impaired by our lack of focus and
ignorance. And that could
result in unpleasant events that
might have been prevented
with the right preparations. The
"Sound Detector" circuit
detects sound wave vibrations and
amplifies them such that
they may be clearly heard by
human ears. It operates
effectively within a 6-meter radius
of the area where it is

6
installed, in accordance with the
design of the sound detector
circuit utilizing a 741 IC. Any ideal
location, such as a vehicle
porch or a home corner, can be used
for this configuration.
The sound detector circuit, which
makes use of the op-amp
741, generates beep noises to
indicate when a microphone
included into the project detects sound
wave vibration
Sometimes our ability to perceive
sounds around us is
impaired by our lack of focus and
ignorance. And that could
result in unpleasant events that
might have been prevented
7
with the right preparations. The
"Sound Detector" circuit
detects sound wave vibrations and
amplifies them such that
they may be clearly heard by
human ears. It operates
effectively within a 6-meter radius
of the area where it is
installed, in accordance with the
design of the sound detector
circuit utilizing a 741 IC. Any ideal
location, such as a vehicle
porch or a home corner, can be used
for this configuration.
The sound detector circuit, which
makes use of the op-amp
741, generates beep noises to
indicate when a microphone
8
included into the project detects sound
wave vibration
Sometimes our ability to perceive
sounds around us is
impaired by our lack of focus and
ignorance. And that could
result in unpleasant events that
might have been prevented
with the right preparations. The
"Sound Detector" circuit
detects sound wave vibrations and
amplifies them such that
they may be clearly heard by
human ears. It operates
effectively within a 6-meter radius
of the area where it is
installed, in accordance with the
design of the sound detector
9
circuit utilizing a 741 IC. Any ideal
location, such as a vehicle
porch or a home corner, can be used
for this configuration.
The sound detector circuit, which
makes use of the op-amp
741, generates beep noises to
indicate when a microphone
included into the project detects sound
wave vibration
Sometimes our ability to perceive
sounds around us is
impaired by our lack of focus and
ignorance. And that could
result in unpleasant events that
might have been prevented
with the right preparations. The
"Sound Detector" circuit
10
detects sound wave vibrations and
amplifies them such that
they may be clearly heard by
human ears. It operates
effectively within a 6-meter radius
of the area where it is
installed, in accordance with the
design of the sound detector
circuit utilizing a 741 IC. Any ideal
location, such as a vehicle
porch or a home corner, can be used
for this configuration.
The sound detector circuit, which
makes use of the op-amp
741, generates beep noises to
indicate when a microphone
included into the project detects sound
wave vibration
11
Sometimes our ability to perceive
sounds around us is
impaired by our lack of focus and
ignorance. And that could
result in unpleasant events that
might have been prevented
with the right preparations. The
"Sound Detector" circuit
detects sound wave vibrations and
amplifies them such that
they may be clearly heard by
human ears. It operates
effectively within a 6-meter radius
of the area where it is
installed, in accordance with the
design of the sound detector
circuit utilizing a 741 IC. Any ideal
location, such as a vehicle
12
porch or a home corner, can be used
for this configuration.
The sound detector circuit, which
makes use of the op-amp
741, generates beep noises to
indicate when a microphone
included into the project detects sound
wave vibration
Sometimes our ability to perceive
sounds around us is
impaired by our lack of focus and
ignorance. And that could
result in unpleasant events that
might have been prevented
with the right preparations. The
"Sound Detector" circuit
detects sound wave vibrations and
amplifies them such that
13
they may be clearly heard by
human ears. It operates
effectively within a 6-meter radius
of the area where it is
installed, in accordance with the
design of the sound detector
circuit utilizing a 741 IC. Any ideal
location, such as a vehicle
porch or a home corner, can be used
for this configuration.
The sound detector circuit, which
makes use of the op-amp
741, generates beep noises to
indicate when a microphone
included into the project detects sound
wave vibration
Sometimes our ability to perceive
sounds around us is
14
impaired by our lack of focus and
ignorance. And that could
result in unpleasant events that
might have been prevented
with the right preparations. The
"Sound Detector" circuit
detects sound wave vibrations and
amplifies them such that
they may be clearly heard by
human ears. It operates
effectively within a 6-meter radius
of the area where it is
installed, in accordance with the
design of the sound detector
circuit utilizing a 741 IC. Any ideal
location, such as a vehicle
porch or a home corner, can be used
for this configuration.
15
The sound detector circuit, which
makes use of the op-amp
741, generates beep noises to
indicate when a microphone
included into the project detects sound
wave vibration
Sometimes our ability to perceive
sounds around us is
impaired by our lack of focus and
ignorance. And that could
result in unpleasant events that
might have been prevented
with the right preparations. The
"Sound Detector" circuit
detects sound wave vibrations and
amplifies them such that

16
they may be clearly heard by
human ears. It operates
effectively within a 6-meter radius
of the area where it is
installed, in accordance with the
design of the sound detector
circuit utilizing a 741 IC. Any ideal
location, such as a vehicle
porch or a home corner, can be used
for this configuration.
The sound detector circuit, which
makes use of the op-amp
741, generates beep noises to
indicate when a microphone
included into the project detects sound
wave vibration
Sometimes our ability to perceive
sounds around us is
17
impaired by our lack of focus and
ignorance. And that could
result in unpleasant events that
might have been prevented
with the right preparations. The
"Sound Detector" circuit
detects sound wave vibrations and
amplifies them such that
they may be clearly heard by
human ears. It operates
effectively within a 6-meter radius
of the area where it is
installed, in accordance with the
design of the sound detector
circuit utilizing a 741 IC. Any ideal
location, such as a vehicle
porch or a home corner, can be used
for this configuration.
18
The sound detector circuit, which
makes use of the op-amp
741, generates beep noises to
indicate when a microphone
included into the project detects sound
wave vibration
The sound wave has been recorded and visualized by optical means such as
digital holography (DH), where light wave carries the sound information. However,
in DH, an additional reference beam is required, which can create problems in the
applications where long-distance propagations are required for sound field studies.
In this work, we present a new way of sound wave recording and visualization by a
common-path DH in which a single light beam can carry the sound information and
near the recording device, this single light beam is divided into the object and
reference beams by using a beam splitter. One of the beams is filtered to generate a
clean reference beam. Therefore, this configuration of DH eliminates the need of a
reference beam from the starting point and makes the system simpler, compact, and
stable, in comparison to the optical sound wave recording setup of traditional DH.
The presented optical system of sound wave recording is suitable for applications
where the single beam is required to observe invisible sound phenomena at far
position. We present experimental results of vibration frequency and voice
information visualization to demonstrate the proposed system.

BACKGROUND

The sound sensor is a module that monitors and detects the sound signals like
voice, claps, snaps, knocks, etc. It is also known as an acoustic sensor or sound
detector. Used in various applications such as security systems, monitoring
systems, radios, telephones, mobile phones, computers, home automation systems,
consumer electronic appliances, etc.

19
It contains a microphone, power amplifier, and output actuator. The microphone
that acts as an input sensor receives the sound signal and converts it into an
electrical signal. Then this signal is amplified by the power amplifier and its
amplitude is detected by the peak detector. The output actuator, like a loudspeaker,
converts this amplified electrical signal into a sound signal for listening

ability to perceive sounds around us

is
impaired by our lack of focus and
ignorance. And that could
result in unpleasant events that
might have been prevented
with the right preparations. The
"Sound Detector" circuit
detects sound wave vibrations and
amplifies them such that
they may be clearly heard by
human ears. It operates
effectively within a 6-meter radius
of the area where it is

20
installed, in accordance with the
design of the sound detector
circuit utilizing a 741 IC. Any ideal
location, such as a vehicle
porch or a home corner, can be used
for this configuration.
The sound detector circuit, which
makes use of the op-amp
741, generates beep noises to
indicate when a microphone
included into the project detects sound
wave vibration
Sometimes our ability to perceive
sounds around us is
impaired by our lack of focus and
ignorance. And that could
result in unpleasant events that
might have been prevented
21
with the right preparations. The
"Sound Detector" circuit
detects sound wave vibrations and
amplifies them such that
they may be clearly heard by
human ears. It operates
effectively within a 6-meter radius
of the area where it is
installed, in accordance with the
design of the sound detector
circuit utilizing a 741 IC. Any ideal
location, such as a vehicle
porch or a home corner, can be used
for this configuration.
The sound detector circuit, which
makes use of the op-amp
741, generates beep noises to
indicate when a microphone
22
included into the project detects sound
wave vibration
Sometimes our ability to perceive
sounds around us is
impaired by our lack of focus and
ignorance. And that could
result in unpleasant events that
might have been prevented
with the right preparations. The
"Sound Detector" circuit
detects sound wave vibrations and
amplifies them such that
they may be clearly heard by
human ears. It operates
effectively within a 6-meter radius
of the area where it is
installed, in accordance with the
design of the sound detector
23
circuit utilizing a 741 IC. Any ideal
location, such as a vehicle
porch or a home corner, can be used
for this configuration.
The sound detector circuit, which
makes use of the op-amp
741, generates beep noises to
indicate when a microphone
included into the project detects sound
wave vibration
Sometimes our ability to perceive
sounds around us is
impaired by our lack of focus and
ignorance. And that could
result in unpleasant events that
might have been prevented
with the right preparations. The
"Sound Detector" circuit
24
detects sound wave vibrations and
amplifies them such that
they may be clearly heard by
human ears. It operates
effectively within a 6-meter radius
of the area where it is
installed, in accordance with the
design of the sound detector
circuit utilizing a 741 IC. Any ideal
location, such as a vehicle
porch or a home corner, can be used
for this configuration.
The sound detector circuit, which
makes use of the op-amp
741, generates beep noises to
indicate when a microphone
included into the project detects sound
wave vibration
25
Sometimes our ability to perceive
sounds around us is
impaired by our lack of focus and
ignorance. And that could
result in unpleasant events that
might have been prevented
with the right preparations. The
"Sound Detector" circuit
detects sound wave vibrations and
amplifies them such that
they may be clearly heard by
human ears. It operates
effectively within a 6-meter radius
of the area where it is
installed, in accordance with the
design of the sound detector
circuit utilizing a 741 IC. Any ideal
location, such as a vehicle
26
porch or a home corner, can be used
for this configuration.
The sound detector circuit, which
makes use of the op-amp
741, generates beep noises to
indicate when a microphone
included into the project detects sound
wave vibration
Sometimes our ability to perceive
sounds around us is
impaired by our lack of focus and
ignorance. And that could
result in unpleasant events that
might have been prevented
with the right preparations. The
"Sound Detector" circuit
detects sound wave vibrations and
amplifies them such that
27
they may be clearly heard by
human ears. It operates
effectively within a 6-meter radius
of the area where it is
installed, in accordance with the
design of the sound detector
circuit utilizing a 741 IC. Any ideal
location, such as a vehicle
porch or a home corner, can be used
for this configuration.
The sound detector circuit, which
makes use of the op-amp
741, generates beep noises to
indicate when a microphone
included into the project detects sound
wave vibration
Sometimes our ability to perceive
sounds around us is
28
impaired by our lack of focus and
ignorance. And that could
result in unpleasant events that
might have been prevented
with the right preparations. The
"Sound Detector" circuit
detects sound wave vibrations and
amplifies them such that
they may be clearly heard by
human ears. It operates
effectively within a 6-meter radius
of the area where it is
installed, in accordance with the
design of the sound detector
circuit utilizing a 741 IC. Any ideal
location, such as a vehicle
porch or a home corner, can be used
for this configuration.
29
The sound detector circuit, which
makes use of the op-amp
741, generates beep noises to
indicate when a microphone
included into the project detects sound
wave vibration
Sometimes our ability to perceive
sounds around us is
impaired by our lack of focus and
ignorance. And that could
result in unpleasant events that
might have been prevented
with the right preparations. The
"Sound Detector" circuit
detects sound wave vibrations and
amplifies them such that

30
they may be clearly heard by
human ears. It operates
effectively within a 6-meter radius
of the area where it is
installed, in accordance with the
design of the sound detector
circuit utilizing a 741 IC. Any ideal
location, such as a vehicle
porch or a home corner, can be used
for this configuration.
The sound detector circuit, which
makes use of the op-amp
741, generates beep noises to
indicate when a microphone
included into the project detects sound
wave vibration
Sometimes our ability to perceive
sounds around us is
31
impaired by our lack of focus and
ignorance. And that could
result in unpleasant events that
might have been prevented
with the right preparations. The
"Sound Detector" circuit
detects sound wave vibrations and
amplifies them such that
they may be clearly heard by
human ears. It operates
effectively within a 6-meter radius
of the area where it is
installed, in accordance with the
design of the sound detector
circuit utilizing a 741 IC. Any ideal
location, such as a vehicle
porch or a home corner, can be used
for this configuration.
32
The sound detector circuit, which
makes use of the op-amp
741, generates beep noises to
indicate when a microphone
included into the project detects sound
wave vibration

OBJECTIVES
Sensors that detect sound or "hear" are simply microphones. While we are familiar
with the dynamic version as it represents the common "microphone" in the music
industry, electrostatic and piezoelectric sensors are also used in measurement and as
detectors in such applications as industrial, medical, robotics, and identification and
tracking.

Electrostatic microphones are frequently used for measurement since they are easily
downsized, have flat frequency responses over a wide frequency range, and provide
markedly high stability. In comparison, the piezoelectric microphone is extensively
used primarily as a microphone for low-frequency sound-level meters. Piezoelectric
crystals generate a voltage when force is applied, and the same crystal can be used
as an ultrasonic detector. Some systems use separate transmitter and receiver
components while others combine both into one piezoelectric transceiver.

33
 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC
Figure 1 Sound Wave

Ultrasound is often used in range finding – commonly referred to as SONAR

(sound navigation and ranging). Similar to RADAR (radio detection and ranging),
an ultrasonic pulse is generated in a specific direction. If an object is in the path of
the pulse, part or all of the pulse is reflected back to the transmitter as an echo.
Measuring the difference between pulse transmission and echo indicates the
distance of the object. Measurement is affected by salinity and temperature when
measuring SONAR pulses in water and is used when distances are short and the
accuracy of the distance measurement is desired to be greater.

Ultrasonic sensors, specifically transceivers, if they send and receive, work like
RADAR or SONAR by generating high frequency sound waves and evaluating the
echo that is received back by the sensor. Calculating the time interval between
sending the signal and receiving an echo determines the distance to an object.
However, shapes of surfaces, material consistency, and density, all have the
potential to distort readings.

SCOPE OF THE DOCUMENT

Basically, our proposed scheme is recording and visualization of sound data by the
use of common-path DH. For this scheme, a brief discussion on suitability in some
applications along with advantages over traditional sound field imaging is also
highlighted [8]. The proposed scheme may be divided into optical recording and
visualization by numerical reconstructions. Optical propagation and recording at the
user end are presented in Section 2.1 while numerical reconstruction and
visualization of

34
Experimental results

To validate the proposed scheme, we have conducted experiments to record

vibration frequency and voice information on the common-path DH platform. In
this experiment, a He-Ne laser of the wavelength of 632.8 nm is used as a light
source. The laser light is spatially filtered by a pinhole (PH) and collimated by a
collimating lens (L1) of focal length 100 mm. The sound field is introduced in this
collimated beam and it is allowed to focus by another lens (L2) of focal length 150
mm. A beam cube

Discussion and future scope

We have presented the sound field recording and visualization method using
common-path off-axis DH along with experimental results in the previous sections.
In this section, we would like to highlight the possibilities of the proposed system
for some applications [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23]. it can be seen that laser light
can travel upto a long distance by modulating sound field inside it before recording
by high-speed image sensor. This single beam optically modulated sound.

CHAPTER -2
FUNDAMENTALS OF SOUND WAVES
WHAT ARE SOUND WAVES
The sound sensor is a module that monitors and detects the sound signals like voice,
claps, snaps, knocks, etc. It is also known as an acoustic sensor or sound detector.

35
Figure 2 Sound Sensor

conrad.nl

The small board with an electret mic (microphone) and some processing circuit that
receives the acoustic signals/sound traveling through the free space/air and converts
them into electrical signals is a sound sensor. The output of the sound sensor can be
analog or digital output. It is very easy to use, cost-effective, low power, compatible
with standard controls and digital/analog ICs. It is easy to integrate logic modules
into sensor inputs, and requires a minimum number of external components. This
article gives a brief description of the working principle, circuit diagram, and
interfacing of the sound sensor with Arduino.

CHARACTERSTICS OF SOUND WAVE

Since ultrasonic waves can reflect off a glass or liquid surface and return to the
sensor head, even transparent targets can be detected. [Resistant to mist and dirt]

36
Detection is not affected by accumulation of dust or dirt. [Complex shaped objects
detectable] Presence detection is stable even for targets such as mesh trays or
springs.

Figure 3 Ultrasonic waves

A sound is a form of energy, just like electricity, heat, or light. When you strike a
bell, it makes a loud ringing noise. Now instead of just listening to the bell, put your
finger on the bell after you have struck it. Can you feel it shaking? This movement
or shaking, i.e. the to and fro motion of the body is termed as vibration.

The sound moves through a medium by alternately contracting and expanding parts
of the medium it is travelling through. This compression and expansion create a
minute pressure difference that we perceive as sound. The movement of molecules
in a medium is essential for the propagation of sound waves. Hence sound waves
cannot travel through the emptiness of a vacuum.

researchgate.net
HOW SOUND WAVES GENERATED AND PROPAGATED

The sound waves are generated by a sound source, such as the vibrating
diaphragm of a stereo speaker. The sound source creates vibrations in the
surrounding medium. As the source continues to vibrate the medium, the
vibrations propagate away from the source at the speed of sound, thus
forming the sound wave.

37
Figure 4 Vibrating Diaphragm

List physical factors that affect sound propagation

Following are a few factors that affect the propagation of sound:
 1. Atmospheric Turbulence: If the atmosphere in which the sound wave is
travelling is turbulent, sound waves would scatter due to velocity fluctuations of
the medium.
 2. Wind Gradient: Sound propagating along the wind would bend downwards
while sound propagating against the wind would bend upwards.
 3. Temperature Gradient: Sound waves travel faster in a warm atmosphere near
the surface of the earth. Here, there is upward refraction of sound waves. In case of
a decrease in temperature at higher altitudes, the refraction would be downwards.

38
 CHAPTER – 3

OVERVIEW OF SOUND WAVE DETECTOR

Sound waves can cause some objects to vibrate, allowing for detection of the sound.
The vibrations from the sound waves must be converted into a signal—usually an
electrical signal—and then amplified and processed. Your ear and a microphone are
common detectors of sound.

Figure 5 Microphone Detector

Sound causes objects to vibrate

Just as a vibrating object creates sound, thus forming compression waves in air or some other
medium, sound is also detected by the waves causing a back-and-forth vibration of some object in
its path.

What is happening is that the sound in traveling from the air into the object, just like you can hear
sound going through the walls or windows in your house.

Since the vibrations are so small in most situations, you cannot tell that the object is actually
vibrating. However, you can feel how sound can cause other things to vibrate by standing in front
of some loudspeakers when music is being played very loud. You can actually feel the vibration
on your skin and chest.

Loud sounds in a room can cause the windows and even walls to vibrate noticeably at the
frequency of the waveform.

39
Vibration must be processed

The detection of sound waves requires transferring the vibration it causes into some sort of signal
that can be processed and used.

Feeling the vibration of a wall when loud music is being played in the other room is detecting the
sound, by changing the vibration into signals to your brain from your sense of touch. But that isn't
very useful information.

Your ear or a microphone can convert the vibration into a signal, which can then be processed
into a form that can duplicate or reproduce that sound.

The type of signal that the vibration creates is usually an electrical signal. Processing can almost
duplicate the original sound, except for some distortion.

Detectors

There are a number of devices used to detect sound. The most common are the ear and the
microphone.

How the ear works

The ear has a small membrane called an eardrum. Sound causes to the membrane to vibrate,
which in turn cause tiny hairs in your inner ear to vibrate, according to their designated frequency.
Each hair sends an electrical impulse to the brain, where the signals are process and turned into
the perception of Sound.

How a microphone works

The most common mechanical detector of sound is the microphone. It has a membrane that is
made to vibrate by the sound. That vibration is changed to electrical signals, which are then sent
to a processor or electronic circuitry for amplification or such.

The electrical signal can then be sent to a loudspeaker to create sound at a greater volume, to a
tape recorder, or to send out radio or TV signals.

TYPES OF SOUND WAVES DETECTOR

40
Sonar is divided into 3 main categories: Searchlight Sonar (PPI Sonar), Sector Scan
Sonar, and Scanning Sonar.

Figure 6 Searchlight SONAR

A Sonar is a device that uses sound waves to detect objects. In the fishing industry,
a Sonar is used to detect fish, structure, and the seafloor around the vessel, while a
fish finder detects these objects directly under the vessel. A Sonar detects these
objects by emitting ultrasonic waves into the sea and detecting the reflected echoes.
The Sonar can detect and display the distribution, density, and movement of a
school of fish at an angle of 360° or 180° in all directions. In Japan, the system is
used on a variety of large and medium-sized fishing vessels, such as purse seiners,
bonito ships etc. In Northern Europe, Sonars are very popular with trawlers. In
recent years, miniaturised general-purpose Sonars are now being installed on
smaller fishing boats and pleasure boats as well.
oceanicdefense.blogspot.com

Searchlight Sonar (PPI Sonar)

The searchlight Sonar is designed to display underwater information in a 360
degree view around the vessel. The Sonar can display information such as schools
of fish and sea currents in a 360-degree view around the vessel by constantly
rotating the sensor. It's just like using a flashlight to search for something near your
boat. It is often installed on small fishing boats and in recent years it has been
increasingly used on recreational boats.

41
Figure 7 Sector Scan SONAR

Scanning Sonar
The scanning Sonar emits ultrasonic waves all around the ship for 360 degrees
simultaneously and can detect and display the returning echoes instantly.
The detection speed is much faster than that of the scanning Sonar, and all the
surroundings can be detected instantly. You can detect and evaluate the movements
of fish swimming at high speed in the sea, such as bonito and tuna.

Figure 8 Scanning SONAR

42
 CHAPTER- 4

COMPONENTS AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

Ultrasonic sensors consist of two main components: an ultrasonic transducer and a
microcontroller. The transducer emits high-frequency sound waves, typically in the
range of 20 kHz to 200 kHz. These sound waves are inaudible to the human ear.
When the wave s encounter an object, they bounce back and are detected by the
transducer.

Figure 9 Ultrasonic transducer

blog.naver.com

Ultrasonic sensors are devices that use sound waves to detect objects and measure
distances. They work on the principle of sending out high-frequency sound waves
and then measuring the time it takes for the waves to bounce back after hitting an
object. This information is then used to calculate the distance between the sensor
and the object. Ultrasonic sensors are commonly used in various applications such
as robotics, parking sensors, and object detection systems.

43
Key Takeaways

Function Description

Ultrasonic sensors can accurately measure distances by

Distance
calculating the time it takes for sound waves to bounce back
Measurement
from an object.

These sensors can detect the presence or absence of objects by

Object Detection
analyzing the reflected sound waves.

Ultrasonic sensors do not require physical contact with the

Non-Contact
object being measured, making them suitable for various
Sensing
applications.

Wide Range of Ultrasonic sensors are used in industries such as automotive,

Applications manufacturing, and healthcare for a wide range of purposes.

Components of Ultrasonic Sensors

Ultrasonic sensors consist of several components that work together to detect and
measure distances. Here are the main components:

Transmitter: The transmitter is responsible for emitting the ultrasonic waves. It

converts electrical energy into sound waves.

Receiver: The receiver detects the ultrasonic waves that bounce back from objects.
It converts the received sound waves into electrical signals.

44
Control Circuit: The control circuit manages the operation of the sensor. It sends
electrical pulses to the transmitter and receives signals from the receiver.

Signal Processing Unit: The signal processing unit analyzes the received signals
and calculates the distance to the object. It filters out noise and performs
calculations to provide accurate distance measurements.

Power Supply: The power supply provides the necessary electrical energy to
operate the sensor.

Ultrasonic sensors offer several benefits, such as high accuracy, fast response time,
and non-contact operation. They are widely used in industries such as
manufacturing, automotive, and healthcare. These sensors can be calibrated to
suit specific applications and provide reliable distance measurements.

In conclusion, ultrasonic sensors play a crucial role in various applications that

require distance measurement and object detection. Their ability to use sound
waves for proximity sensing makes them versatile and reliable in different
environments. With advancements in ultrasonic sensor technology, these sensors
continue to find new uses and improve efficiency in many industries.

Figure 10 MIcrocontroller

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 CHAPTER – 5

TYPES OF SOUND WAVES DETECTORS

Sound Sensor Types

There are 5 sound sensor types, which are dynamic microphone, carbon
microphone, ribbon microphone, and piezoelectric microphone. These are
explained below.

Dynamic Microphone

This type of sound sensor is most commonly used in musical and stage
performances and many other applications. It is a simple and cost-effective
standalone microphone. It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. It is
designed with the diaphragm to which a magnet and coil are fixed. When the sound
wave hits the membrane, the coil moves back and forth in the magnetic field due to
the induced electric current of the incoming sound vibration. This type of
microphone is durable and can handle high-frequency sounds without any
distortions and an internal amplifier.

Carbon Microphone

This is the earliest and first microphone form of sound sensor. Its working depends
on changes in resistance due to carbon granules. When the carbon granules are
compressed, the resistance decreases and provides good electrical contact.
compression reduces the drag of the carbon particles. It contains carbon particles in
a container enclosed in a small tube protected with a small diaphragm. A battery is
required to power through the microphone.

When a sound wave hits a microphone membrane or diaphragm, it vibrates and

exerts varying pressure on the carbon. These different pressures (changes) are
converted into different resistance levels, which in turn change the current flowing
via the microphone. The alternating current can be passed through a capacitor or
transformer for use in an amplifier or telephone. This type of sound transducer has a
limited frequency response over a narrow

range and produces electrical and crackling noises, which can be eliminated by
shaking or enabling the carbon granules to produce a steady current.

46
Ribbon Microphone

It consists of a strip of aluminum ribbon along the edge between the magnet poles.
The small gap between the ribbon edges on the sides of the magnet, allows it to
move at the speed of air rather than the negative pressure acting on the magnet. So,
this microphone is also called a speed/velocity microphone. This has a simple
electrical design without any active components. Historically, it has been very
popular for high-quality audio applications.

Condenser Microphone

It has a wide frequency response and is capable of producing high-quality sound. It

consists of a thin membrane near a rigid metal plate that acts like a metal diaphragm
and is electrically conductive. Older microphone types used thin metal foil, while
newer microphone types used plastic, gold, or aluminum-coated microphones. For
example, sputtered mylar with gold. The configuration produces capacitors ranging
from 10-50 pF. This sensor requires a constant power supply (DC), which can be
supplied by a battery or coaxial line.

These microphones require a buffer amplifier due to the high impedance. It is not as
powerful as a dynamic microphone as its internal construction is very smooth. It
doesn’t work perfectly in humid environments because high humidity conditions
can cause internal flames between the microphone element back plate. This
microphone is very sensitive and can be overloaded with loud sounds. Therefore,
care should be taken when selecting this type of sound transducer for non-
overloaded applications.

47
 CHAPTER – 6

DESIGN CONSIDERATION
There are several leading proximity sensor technologies; each with very different
operating standards and different strengths when it comes to determining detection,
distance or proximity. This article outlines four of the possible options for compact,
fixed embedded systems and their basic principles of operation to help engineers
determine which one to select depending on their design requirements.

Proximity sensors provide an accurate method of detecting an object's presence and

distance without having any physical contact. The sensor emits either an
electromagnetic field, light, or ultrasonic sound wave that reflects off, or passes
through, an object and returns to the sensor. A significant benefit that proximity
sensors have over conventional limit switches is that they are more durable and can
last longer, as there no mechanical parts.

When reviewing the ideal proximity sensor technology for a particular application,
cost, range, size, refresh rate or latency, and material effect must all be considered
and put into the context of what is the most important for the design.

Ultrasonic

As the name suggests, ultrasonic proximity sensors emit an ultrasonic pulse of

sound, called a 'chirp', to detect an object's presence, and can also be used to
calculate the distance to the object. They consist of a transmitter and receiver, and
their function is based on the principles of echolocation .

48
Figure 11 Ultrasonic Proximity Sensor

By measuring the length of time it takes for the chirp to reflect off a surface and
return, often referred to as the 'time of flight' (ToF), the sensor can determine how
far away the object is. Usually, the transmitter and receiver are near each other, but
utilizing echolocation will still work when the transmitter and receiver are
separated. In some cases, the transmit and receive functions combine into a single
package; these devices are known as ultrasonic transceivers.

By using sound, rather than electromagnetic waves, ultrasonic sensor readings are
unaffected by the color and transparency of an object. They also have the added
benefit of not producing light, which makes them ideal for dark environments or
even those that are brightly lit. The sound waves create a spread over time and
distance, much like a ripple in the water, and

this widening of the detection area, or the field of view (FoV), can be regarded as a
strength or a weakness depending on the application. However, with a good level of
accuracy, a fairly high refresh rate, and the potential to transmit hundreds of chirps
per second, ultrasonic proximity sensors can provide a cost-effective, versatile, and
safe solution.

One fundamental drawback of ultrasonic sensors is changing air temperature will

affect the speed of the sound wave, which will reduce the accuracy of

49
measurements. However, this can be counterbalanced by measuring the temperature
across the distance between the transmitter and receiver and adjusting the
calculations accordingly. Other limitations include the fact that it is impossible to
use ultrasonic sensors in a vacuum, where there is no air to transmit the sound. Soft
materials will also not reflect the sound as efficiently as hard surfaces, which can
impact the accuracy. Finally, although ultrasonic sensor technology follows a
similar concept to sonar, it does not work underwater.

istockphoto.com

CHAPTER – 7

APPLICATION OF SOUND WAVE DETECTOR

The following are the sound sensor applications,

50
  Home automation systems like controlling the lighting of the bulbs by
detecting the claps/whistles sounds.
 Recording studios to record the audio.
 Communication devices like mobile phones, laptops, robotics, music players,
etc.
 Spy systems, security systems, and monitoring systems such as door alarms,
burglar alarms, etc.
 Audio amplifiers, sound level, and ambient sound recognition systems.
 Used in sound pressure level devices.

Know more about Interfacing Knock Sensor.

Thus, this is all about the working of the sound sensor and interfacing the sound
sensor with Arduino. The different types of sound sensor modules are designed
with different comparator ICs like LM393, LM324, LM344, and LM386. Check the
design specifications and select the sound sensor module that suits the application
or project.

Figure 12 Interfacing Knock Sensor

CHAPTER – 8

CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

51
The surface acoustic wave (SAW) and its modes of propagation in the piezoelectric
medium were first described by Lord Rayleigh [1]. During further development,
White and Voltmer developed a convenient way of generating SAW waves through
interdigital transducers (IDTs) [2]. Since then, SAW devices have been widely
employed in different fields due to their numerous advantages such as miniature
size, versatile functionality, faster reaction, and passiveness [3]. The SAW waves
are the acoustic waves that confine and travel along the surface of a piezoelectric
material substrate. The produced acoustic wave travels in both directions of the
IDTs. A reflector can be used on either side to reflect the acoustic stream as these
waves are confined near the surface of the substrate. The velocity of the excited
acoustic wave is significantly slower than the velocity of electromagnetic waves,
which makes SAW sensors more compact. The SAW IDTs are mainly designed in
two configurations: delay-line and resonator structure. Two basic IDT
configurations . In the delay-line structure, two IDTs are used. The input RF signal
is applied to one set of IDTs, which is declared as an input IDT and generates a
stream of the acoustic wave that travels along the surface of the substrate towards
the other set of IDTs declared as an output IDT. The output IDTs receive the
acoustic waves and transform them into an electrical signal, which may be
transmitted wirelessly to a control unit. The second type of IDT structure is known
as a one-port device as it consists of only one set of IDTs. On both adjacent sides of
the IDTs, there are two reflectors on each side to trap and reflect acoustic waves
towards the middle IDTs. As the waves trap between the IDTs and reflectors, the
device forms a resonator. The simplicity and flexibility in the design of IDTs make
them a good fit in various applications such as TV transceivers and mobile phones
in the form of filters, oscillators, and resonators [4], [5], [6]. Other than two main
SAW devices IDTs configurations, there are other modified IDTs configurations
are also reported for specific applications, such IDT configurations are presented.

The SAW devices are very sensitive to many surface perturbations such as
temperature, pressure, humidity, mass loading, and other factors, which can

be utilized to make a variety of sensors such as temperature sensors [10], [11], [12],
[13], [14], pressure sensors [15], [16], [17], humidity sensors [18], [19], and
microbalance [20]. In addition, the further modified IDTs enable more sensing
applications such as accelerometers and gyroscopes [21], [22]. The SAW devices
can also work in passive mode without any needs for a battery [23], which enables
the wireless sensing feature with great efficiency. To achieve the wireless
transmission, an antenna is integrated with the SAW IDTs to transmit and receive
the signals. The simple design, compactness, fabrication luxury, design flexibility,

52
wireless feature, and several additional benefits render SAW devices a good choice
for sensors and devices application in many fields.

There are several review papers that have been published before on surface acoustic
wave devices and sensors. However, this review paper specifically targets the past
two decades of research work in the domain of SAW sensors for industrial
applications, advances, challenges and research gaps. In this review, the details of
the sensing principle together with temperature-dependent characteristics will be
discussed. After that, several types of industrial-based sensing applications will be
discussed. Finally, the review will conclude by examining current trends and future
advances in the field of SAW sensors.

Figure 13 SAW Sensors

53
 CHAPTER – 9
CASE STUDIES

SOUND WAVE DETECTION IN SMART CITIES

A smart city is based on an urban development model that integrates modern

technologies in information and communication (ICT) for the management of a
city’s heritage as well as all its components . The city represents the place of
complexity and it is the result of a constant evolutionary process, in which a
relevant place is assumed by the experimentation of new digital technology. The
aim is to improve the quality of citizens’ life with the support of the most modern
technologies, considering the social, cultural, environmental and physical needs of a
society .
Data management and visualization are key elements for achieving smartness
and currently represent one of the main challenges for researchers. All countries
are investing in the search for new methods to simulate data in real time and
therefore in analyzing the impacts related to what-if scenarios .
A smart city can be designed through three main types of approach: urban
planning, technological characteristics, marketing. From a strictly technological
point of view, it provides for the use of sensors/actuators, with the capacity for
self-management, configuration and autonomous optimization. A smart city also
provides the ability to access a terminal from anywhere and always have a mobile
Internet connection: All of this can be summarized as a Smart Ecosystem .
Smart cities represent a revolution with respect to the traditional approach to
designing life places, but the evolution in the way of thinking about new
environments cannot ignore the need to guarantee citizens’ safety . New
technologies offer smart devices that make citizens’ lives increasingly simplified.
Smart locks guarantee us quick access to our resources, be it banking services,
access to hotel rooms or much more simply the return home. These facilities
introduce a security risk as hackers and experienced criminals can breach an
infinite variety of systems. An integrated cyber defense system that guarantees the
citizen a high degree of security in the management of the available services
becomes therefore crucial for a smart city .
Then there are the security problems related to the operation of the numerous
intelligent systems with which smart cities are equipped: robots for collecting
garbage or for home deliveries, traffic lights with Internet of Things (IoT) traffic
sensors, vehicles without driver. A smart city is managed by a myriad of sensors

54
that produce a large amount of data, for the provision of advanced services
intended for the management of increasingly efficient urban centers .
This technology introduces new levels of innovation that bring with them still
unexplored security threats. Traditional management of these problems is destined
to fail: For the security of smart cities, equally sophisticated technology is needed,
which must come from artificial intelligence .
The advantage of using artificial intelligence and machine learning to support
IT security lies in the unlimited amount of data that this technology can leverage
and analyze. Thanks to the almost infinite amount of data related to harmful
behaviors, machine learning can constantly feed its models to identify new
dangers, thus protecting IT systems also from zero-day threats and variants of
attacks. Expert systems based on artificial intelligence are not limited to
identifying possible threats within the city network but are proposed as a tool to
prevent any unauthorized intrusion, providing support for the protection of
sensitive data. This result is obtained by identifying the behavior of the service-
users: adoption of passwords and information exchanged. This creates a scenario
of the situation and decides the necessary measures to ensure safety.
Machine learning based algorithms can extract knowledge from a database in a
similar way to what is done by a human operator. This procedure occurs through
the recognition of patterns that are difficult to identify even for an expert eye. In
this way the data collected by the sensors can be automatically processed in search
of potentially harmful or even illegal content. Machine learning can extract
knowledge from data allowing not only to identify specific contents, but also to
identify new trends that allow us to identify new scenarios and foresee potentially
dangerous situations .
Related Work
Machine learning-based technologies have been used to address various sound
problems [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. Lostanlen et al. [19] used an algorithm based
on convolutional neural networks to detect night
bird avian flight calls. The use of bioacoustics sensors allowed the recording
of the sounds generated by the wildlife causing the least disturbance to the species.
The purpose of monitoring is the quantification of the population, but this
objective requires the classification of the species using the detected acoustic
signals. The classification procedure is made difficult by the complexity and
variability of the environmental noise. To overcome this difficulty, the authors used
per-channel energy normalization, then a context-adaptive neural network layer as
the last layer of the network. These technologies have improved the classification

55
process, reducing on one hand the temporal oversizing between audio segments, at
sunrise and sunset, and on the other the spatial over-adaptation between the
positions of the sensors.
Lim et al.have proposed a procedure for the recognition of audio events using
weakly labeled datasets. The authors used an algorithm based on convolutional and
recurrent neural networks. To address the shortage of labeled data they applied the
data augmentation algorithm. The results obtained with the application of this
technology suggest the adoption for the detection of weakly labeled semi-
supervised sound events.
Kong et al. used a generative algorithm based on a convolutional neural
network to develop a procedure for detecting anomalous sound events in public
spaces. The modeling of sound events over time was performed thanks to the
WaveNet , WaveNet is a convolutional network used in the processing of the
acoustic signal, in multilanguage vocal synthesis. The authors used WaveNet to
make predictions of the complex acoustic signals that cause classification errors.
The system was tested by recording audio in a subway station and comparing the
results with the results obtained by adopting other technologies such as long short-
term memory network and auto-encoder. The results of the proposed methodology
perform better.
Ozer et al. used convolutional neural networks for the classification of sounds.
Recognizing sound in complex sound environments is a very difficult task
especially if it is performed automatically. The need for the development of
automatic audio event recognition systems is reiterated by various sectors, but the
complexity of the activity depends on the variability of the background noise
levels that reduce its performance. The convolutional neural networks are
effectively performing the recognition of images, so the
authors extracted the spectrograms of the audio signals and used them as input
of an algorithm for the classification of sound events based on this technology. The
results returned very high performances in the classification of spectrograms.

56
Figure 14 Sound wave Detection In Smart Cities

57
 CHAPTER- 10

CONCLUSION

In this work, we have presented a new way of sound wave recording by the
common-path DH in which, a single light beam can carry sound information and
the reference beam is not required from the starting point unlike the traditional off-
axis DH based sound field imaging systems. It is demonstrated that the collimated
laser beam can carry voice information and then the same information can be
recorded at the user end by common path DH. The information of sound event can
also be visualized after

58