DAY’s WORK

When a vessel sails on several rhumb line

courses for short distances, the irregular track
that she follows is called a traverse. To find the
direct course and distance between the
departure and arrival positions, the several
rhumb line distances that she sailed may be
considered as the hypotenuse of plane sailing
triangles.
 DAY’s WORK
• We can thus obtain the d’lat and departure for
each leg of the traverse from the traverse
table. But nowadays we will not use the
traverse table. We will calculate by the
calculator. The algebraic sum of the various
d’lats and that of the departures would then
give the resultant d’lat and departure that she
made between the initial and destination
positions.
 DAY’s WORK
The d’lat so obtained when applied to the departure
latitude gives the latitude reached. We can then obtain
the mean latitude and convert the resultant departure
into d’long. The d’long when applied to the longitude of
departure gives the longitude arrived at. The position so
obtained is termed the Dead Reckoning (DR) position. The
estimated set & drift of the current during the period
under consideration can also be allowed as a leg of the
traverse and allowance also made for any Leeway in the
courses. The final position so obtained would be referred
to as the Estimated position (EP).
 DAY’s WORK
Q1. At noon on 14th Sept., a ship in position 40012’N 760
46’W set course of 2500(C)- Dev 40W, Var 60W- at an engine
speed of 16 knots. At 1600, course was altered to 2870(C)-
Dev 20E, Var 60 W- and the speed was declared to 14 knots.
At 2200, course was again altered to 3400(C)- Dev 50E, Var
50W- and speed of 14 knots was maintained till 0600 next
morning, when course was altered to 2770(C)- Dev 20W, Var
50W- and speed increased to 15 knots. This course and
speed was maintained till noon on 15th Sept. Find the EP on
15th noon, the course and the distance made good, if a
current was setting 0270(T) at 2 knots throughout.
 DAY’s WORK
• (14th) 1200 1600 2200 0600 Current
• to to to to
• 1600 2200 0600 1200 (15th)
Compass Co. 2500 (C) 2870 (C) 3400 (C) 2770 (C)
Deviation 40 W 20 E 50 E 20 W
Magnetic CO. 2460 M 2890 M 3450 M 2750 M
Variation 60 W 60 W 50 W 50 W
True Course 2400 (T) 2830 (T) 3400 (T) 2700 (T) 0270 (T)
S 600 W N770 W N 200 W W N 270 E
Distance 64Miles 84Miles 112Miles 90Miles 48M.
 DAY’s WORK
Course Distance d’lat dep
(T) Miles N S E W
S600 W 64 --- 32.0 ---- 55.4
N770 W 84 18.9 ----- ---- 81.8
N 200 W 112 105.2 ----- ----- 38.3
W 90 ----- ----- ----- 90.0
N270 E 48 48.2 ------ 21.8 -----
TOTAL 166.9 N 32.0S 21.8E 265.5W
-32.0 S - 21.8 E
RESULTANT D’Lat = 134.9’ N Dep = 243.7 W
 DAY’s WORK
Tan Course = dep/d’lat
= 243.7/134.9 = 1.806523351
Course = N 610 02’W
Departure = Distance x Sin Course
Distance = Departure/ Sin Course
= 243.7/Sin 610 02’
Distance = 278.5 Miles
 DAY’s WORK
N/N Posn.14th Lat 400 12.0’N Long=0760 46.0’W
Resultant D’Lat 020 14.9’N D’Long=050 24.6’W
N/N EP 15th Lat= 420 26.9’N Long = 0820 10.6’W
[ Dep/ D’Long = Cos m’Lat.]
D’Long = Dep/ Cos m’Lat
= 243.7/ Cos 41.30
=324.6’W = 0050 24.6’W
 DAY’s WORK
Q2. A vessel sailed from lat. 27012’N, long.
178042’E doing 15 knots by engines. She steered
0670(C), {Dev. 30E}, for 10 hours. Course was
then altered to 0960(C) {Dev. 10E} and this
course was maintained for 8 hours. Thereafter
she steered, 2300(C), {Dev. 30 W} for another 6
hours. Find the position arrived, if she
Experienced a current setting 3240(T) at 2.5 knots
throughout. Also find the course and distance
she made good. Variation 70W, throughout.
 DAY’s WORK
1st 2nd 3rd Current
COURSE COURSE COURSE
Comp. co 0670(C) 0960(C) 2300(C)
Dev. 30E 10E 30W
Mag. Co 0700(M) 0970(M) 2270(M)
Var. 70W 70W 70W
True Co 0630(T) 900(T) 2200(T) 3240(T)
Course N630E EAST S400W N360W
Dist. 150M 120M 90M 60M
 DAY’s WORK
T. Co. Distance d’lat Departure
N S E W
N630E 150 68.1 - 133.7 -
EAST 120 - - 120 -
S400W 90 - 68.9 - 57.9
N360W 60 48.5 - - 35.3
116.6N 68.9S 253.7E 93.2W
 DAY’s WORK
• Resultant d’lat = 116.6’N- 68.9’S = 47.7’N
• Resultant dep = 253.7’E – 93.2’ W = 160.5’E
• Departure latitude = 270 12.0’N
• D’Lat = 000 47.7’N
• Arrival Lat = 270 59.7’N
• Mean Latitude = (270 12.0’ + 270 59.7’)/2
• = 270 36.0’N
 DAY’s WORK
• Using mean latitude 270 36.0’ converting departure into
D’Long, using the formulae
• Dep./ D’Long = Cos m’lat
• D’Long = Dep./ Cos m’lat
• = 160.5’/ Cos 270 36.0’
• = 181.1’E= 0030 01.1’E
• Departure Long = 1780 42.0’E
• D’Long = 0030 01.1’E
• Arrival Longitude= 1810 43.1’E = 1780 16.9’W
• Arrival EP 270 59.7’N, 1780 16.9W.
 DAY’s WORK
• Tan Course = Dep/ D’Lat
• = 160.5’/47.7’
• Course = 730 27.0’ = N 730 27’E
• D’Lat = Distance x Cos Course
• Distance =D’Lat/ Cos Course
• = 47.7’/ Cos 730 27’
• Distance = 167.45 Miles.
 DAY’s WORK
Q3. On 16th January a ship in position 000 10’N 0680 09’E set
course as follows:-
Time Co (C) Dev Var Leeway Wind Log
1200 1260 20 E 40 E 30 SW 0
a/c 1800 1490 30 E 40 E 20 NE 89
a/c 2300 2100 10 W 50 E 30 SE 168
a/c 0700 2400 20 W 50 E Nil W 290
a/c 1200 2700 Nil 40 E 30 N 368
A Current set the vessel 1830 (T) @ 1.5 Knots throughout. Find
the EP next noon and the Course and Distance made good.
 DAY’s WORK
• 1200 1800 2300 0700 Current
• to to to to
• 1800 2300 0700 1200
Compass Co1260 (C) 1490 (C) 2100 (C) 2400 (C)
Deviation 20 E 30 E 10 W 20 W
Magnetic Co 1280 (M) 1520 (M) 2090 (M) 2380 (M)
Variation 40 E 40 E 50 E 50 E
True Course 1320 (T) 1560 (T) 2140 (T) 2430 (T)
Leeway 30 20 30 Nil
Effective Course 1290 T 1580 T 2170 T 2430 T 1830 T
S510 E S220 E S370 W S630 W S030 W
Distance 89M 79M 122M 78M 36M
 DAY’s WORK
Course Distance D’Lat Dep
(T) (M) N S E W
S510 E 89 ------ 56.0’ 69.2’ -----
S220 E 79 ------ 73.2’ 29.6’ -----
S370 W 122 ------- 97.4’ ------
73.4
S630 W 78 -------- 35.4’ ------
69.5’
S030 W 36 --------36.0’ ------
01.9’
298.0’ S 98.8’E 144.8’W
- 00.0 -98.8’E
Resultant D’LAT= 298.0’ S Dep = 46.0’ W
 DAY’s WORK
• Tan Course = dep/d’lat = 46.0/298.0’
• Course = S 080 47’W =1880 47’(T)
• Disatance = dep/ Sin Course
• = 46.0’/Sin 080 47’ = 301.5M.
16th N/N Posn. Lat =000 10.0’N Long= 0680 09.0’E
• Resultant d’lat= 040 58.0’S d’long=0000 46.0’W
• 17th N/N EP lat=040 48.0’S Long = 0670 23.0’E
• M’lat 02.30 S Dep= 46.0, then d’long 46.0’W
 DAY’s WORK
Q4. On 6th March a ship in position 460 36’S 1750 34’E steamed the
following courses:-
TIME Co(C) Dev L’way Wind Speed(in
knots)
1200 1500 5 0E 30 SWxW 8
1600 1400 4 0E 50 SW 8
2000 1200 3 0E NIL SW 7.5
2400 1200 3 0E NIL SW 6.5
0400 1000 1 0E NIL S 8
0800 0950 NIL NIL S 8
1200 0950 NIL NIL S 8
Var 100E throughout. Find the DR position at noon on 7th March and,
if the observed position then was 48014.3’S 178006.5’E, find the set
and drift of current.
DAY’s WORK
DAY’s WALK
DAY’s WALK
 DAY’s WALK
Q. 5. At noon on 14th Dec. a light house in lat 050 56’N
800 36’E bore 0000(C), error 40W, distance 10 M. Course
was then set to 2200(C), Dev 10E, Var 20W, log 0. At
2000, engines broke down and the log, showing 82,
was hauled in. At 2200, engines were repaired and
course was reset to 2000(C) Dev nil, Var 20W, log 0.
Ship maintained this course till noon next day when log
showed 140. A current was estimated to set 3500(T) at
2 knots throughout. Find the EP at noon on 15th Dec.
DAY’S WORK
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 DAY’S WORK
Q.6. At noon on 20th July, Pargo Point(320 48’N
17016’W) bore 0800(C) 10 M off while steaming
2190(C), Dev 30E Var 180W. Ship maintained this
course at a steady speed of 15 knots till noon
next day. Clocks were retarded 12 minutes at
0200 hours. Find the DR at 1200 hours on 21st
July. If the fix then was 27012’N 20005’W, find
the set and drift of current.
 DAY’s WORK
Q.7. A ship steams the following courses by Gyro
compass, error nil:-
13th Jan 1200- Co 2360(G) speed 15.0 knots
a/c 1700- Co 2840(G) speed 16.0 knots
a/c 2000- Co 2620(G) speed 15.0 knots
14th Jan 0400- Co 1980(G) speed 14.5 knots
And continued this till noon, 14th Jan.
At 1800 on 13th Jan, a light house in 48028.5’N
670 05’E bore 4 points on the starboard bow and at
1845 it was abeam. Find the 14th noon DR, the
course and distance made good noon to noon.
 DAY’S WORK
Q.8. Having reset the log. to zero, a ship steered
the following courses from noon on 25th June,
1992.
Duration Course Total Dist.
1200-1900 1620(T) 84
1900-2400 1220(T) 144
0000-0600 0870(T) 220
0600-1200 3500(T) 300
At 1730 hrs, a point of land in 42005’S, 1180 28’E was observed to
be 4 points on the port bow. At 1810,the point was abeam. Find
the course and distance made good, and the DR position at noon
on the 26th.
 DAY’s WORK
T. Co Distance D’lat Departure
N S E W
S180E 84 - 79.9 26.0 -
S580E 60 - 31.8 50.9 -
N870E 76 4.0 - 75.9 -
N100W 80 78.8 - - 13.9
82.8 111.7 152.8 13.9
 DAY’s WORK
Resultant d’lat: 111.7’S - 82.8’N= 28.9’S
Resultant dep.: 152.8’E – 13.9’W= 138.9’E
tan course made good= dep./d’lat=138.9/28.9
Course made good S78015’E.
Distance made good= d’lat x sec co=28.9 x sec 78015’
= 141.7 M
To find arrival position:
Speed between 1200 and 1900 hrs= 84/7= 12 knots
Distance run between 4 points and beam bearing (12 x 40)/60
= 8 miles
Beam Bearing =CTS- 900 =1620 – 900 =0720 (T)
Reverse Bearing 0720 + 1800 = 2520 (T) = S720W
Day’s Work
 DAY’S WORK
Resultant d’lat : 82.8’N – 43.8’S = 39.0’N
Resultant dep : 129.9’E-21.5’W = 108.4’E
Lat of point of land = 420 05.0’S
d’lat = 000 39.0’N
Arrival Latitude = 410 26.0’S
Mean Latitude = 410 45.5’S
For departure 108.4’, and mean latitude of 41 0 45.5’S,
D’Long = 145.2’E
(Using the formulae, Dep/ D’Long = Cos m’lat )
 DAY’S WORK
D’long = 145.2’E
= 0020 25.5’E
Longitude of point of land = 1180 28.0’E
D’Lnog = 0020 25.5’E
Longitude of arrival position= 1200 53.2’E
26th noon DR Position Latitude = 410 26.0’S
Longitude = 1200 53.2’E
 DAY’S WORK
***** MMD QUESTION *****
***** DECEMBER 2020*****
Q.9. A Vessel’s log abstract from 15th Sept noon to 16th Sept noon is as follows :-
Time True Course Speed
1200 -1600 1200 (T) 10knots
1600 - 2000 1500 (T) 11 knots
2000 - 0400 1350 (T) 10.5knots
0400 -0800 1000 (T) 12knots
0800 -1200 1100 (T) 11.5knots
If a light house(120 15.0’N 0030 20.0’W) bore 1300 (T) @ Radar range of 4 miles
@ 1300hrs on 15th Sept and current was setting South @ 3knots throughout.
Find ship’s position at 1300 hrs on 15th & noon position on 16th Sept.
 DAY’S WORK
Bearing of Light House from ship = 130 0 (T)
Bearing of ship from Light House = 310 0 (T)
Distance from Light House to Ship = 4miles.
Course Distance D’Lat Dep
3100 (T)= N500 W 4 02.6’N 3.1’W
Latitude of light house = 120 15.0’N
D’Lat = 000 02.6’N
Latitude of the ship = 120 17.6’N (1300 hrs.)
 DAY’S WORK
M’LAT = (120 15.0’+ 120 17.6’)/2 = 120 16.3’
D’Long = Dep/ Cos m’lat = 3.1/Cos 120 16.3’
= 3.2’W
Longitude of the light house = 0030 20.0’W
D’long = 0000 03.2’W
Longitude of the ship(1300hrs.) = 0030 23.2’W.
So, position of the ship @ 1300hrs on 15th Sept.
Latitude : 120 20.6’N & Longitude : 0030 23.2’W
 DAY’S WORK
Time Course Distance D’Lat Dep
---- (T) M N S E W
1200-1600 1200 T=S600 E 40 -- 20.0’ 34.6 --
1600-2000 1500 T=S300 E 44 -- 38.1 22.0 --
2000-0400 1350 T=S450 E 84 -- 59.4 59.4 --
0400-0800 1000 T=S800 E 48 -- 8.3 47.3 --
0800-1200 1100 T=S700 E 46 -- 15.7 43.2 --
Current 1800 T= S 72 -- 72.0 ---- --
Resultant d’lat = 213.5’S dep=206.5E
 DAY’S WORK
1200hrs to 1300hrs Course 1200 (T) & Speed 10knots.
Course Distance D’Lat Dep
1200 (T)=S600 E 10 5’S 8.7’E
D’Lat from 1300hrs to Noon 16th Sept=213.5’-5.0’
= 208.5’S
Dep from 1300hrs to Noon 16th Sept =206.5’-8.7
=197.8’E
1300hrs( 15th Sept) ship’s position Lat 120 20.6’N
Long 0030 23.2’W
 DAY’S WORK
Latitude of 1300hrs (15th Sept) = 120 20.6’N
D’Lat = 030 28.5’S
Latitude of Noon (16th Sept) = 080 52.1’N
Mean Lat = 100 36.35’
D’Long = Dep /Cos m’lat = 197.8’/Cos100 36.35’
D’ Long = 201.2’E = 0030 21.2’E
1300hrs (15th Sept) Longitude = 0030 23.2’W
D ’Long = 0030 21.2’E
Noon ( 16th Sept) Longitude = 0000 02.0’W
Noon Posn. on 16th Sept Lat= 080 52.1’N Long=0000 02’W
 DAY’S WORK
***** MMD QUESTION 16th APRIL 2021 *****
****** MMD QUESTION, NOVEMBER 2021*****
Q.10. At 1200 hours ON 25TH April, 1992 a point in Lat. 24037’N,
long. 047012’W bore 0550(T), dist. off by radar 5 miles, she then
sailed the following courses and distances. Find the estimate arrival position. If the
final position by observation was 26027.5’N and 047032.2’W, find the set and drift of
the current experienced and course and the distance made good.

Gyro Co. Gyro Error Distance Wind Leeway

Direction

3470 10 111M SW 30
High
0010 Through 47M W Nil
Out
1870 27M W 10
RATE OF CURRENT = 18.214/24 = 0.8 kn