UNIT 2

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Solutions, Solvents,
and Solutes
Solutions, Solvents & Solutes
 Pure or Mixture
•So, if lots are things are jumbled up together,
we have a mixture, e.g., sea water is a
mixture of water particles, salt particles,
different chemical particles etc.
•What happens when some sugar is added to
it?
 Pure?!
• Even though the water still looks ‘pure’, this term is
wrong. Pure would mean there were only water
particles, however we now have water particles +
sugar particles!

• The sugar has not disappeared - instead it has

dissolved in the water
• We would call the water + sugar a solution

• A solid dissolved in a liquid makes a solution

• In a solution the liquid is called the solvent, and the
solid is called the solute
Pure?!

Solute Solvent Solution

 MATTER (SOLID, LIQUID, GAS)

Pure Substances Mixtures

- Only one kind of particle in it. Will have two or more parts that are not
chemically combined, only physically combined

Suspension Solutions
Each substance keeps properties and They’re mixed together so well you only
can be separated to original form see one thing – it looks pure but it isn’t

A solute is the substance to be dissolved (sugar).

The solvent is the one doing the dissolving (water).
Examples

Mixtures Solutions
• Chex Mix • Soda
• Raisin Bran • Gasoline
• Pizza • Brass (Zinc/Copper)
• Sand • Vinegar
They all sound the
same!
Solute Solvent Solution

These words need to be learned - however, be careful because they

all sound pretty similar!

●Solution - the mixture formed when a substance dissolves in it

●Solute - the substance that dissolves
●Solvent - the liquid in the solution

●Dissolve - mixing of a substance in a liquid

●Soluble - a substance which can dissolve (mix in a liquid)
●Insoluble - a substance which cannot dissolve (mix in a liquid)
 Solution - the mixture formed when a substance dissolves in it
Solute - the substance that dissolves
Look at the examples Solvent - the liquid in the solution
Can you spot the terms?
Dissolve - mixing of a substance in a liquid
Soluble - a substance which can dissolve (mix in a liquid)
Insoluble - a substance which cannot dissolve (mix in a liquid)

Salt added to water: -

The solute is the salt

The solvent is the water
This makes a solution
The salt is soluble as it has dissolved

Flour added to water. Stirring it makes it go cloudy, but

after a while all the flour grains sink to the bottom:
The flours has not dissolved
This is because flour is insoluble
Where?
●When a solute dissolves, such as salt in water, where does it go?
Does it disappear?

●The solute does not disappear - its still there! But you cannot see
it because the particles are now mixed up (dissolved)

●Look at the particle box below – How do you draw a particle box
for a solid which has dissolved (e.g., salt in water)

Salt, added to
the water
Water
Where?
●Particle box for a solid which has dissolved (e.g. salt in water)

The number of salt particles and the number of water

particles remains the same - we haven’t lost any salt
particles, nor have they got smaller. They’re just spread out
amongst the water particles, which is why we can no longer
see them (it looks as if the salt has disappeared)!
Where?
●Look at the particle box below – how do you draw a particle
box for an insoluble solid in a liquid (e.g., flour in water)

Flour, added to the water

Water
Where?
●Particle box for an insoluble solid in a liquid (e.g. flour in water)

Remember - the number of particles and their size stays

the same! However, this time we can still see the flour, as
the flour particles remain grouped together (no mixing
(dissolving))
How do we know?
●A solution is always transparent - even it has a color
●Liquid such as milk is opaque – not transparent
●If our liquid remains cloudy, then the solute has not completely
dissolved
●If a substance will not dissolve (insoluble) then it will settle and
be obvious
If lots of different things are jumbled up together, we have
a mixture. If you mix salt with water then the grains
seem to disappear. This is because the grains have split up
and mixed with the water. They have dissolved. A
substance that dissolves is said to be soluble.

A solid dissolved in liquid makes a solution. In a solution

the liquid is called the solvent, and the solid is called the
solute. A solid that does not dissolve in a liquid is called
insoluble. If a solid has completely dissolved in a liquid,
then the solution is always transparent (see-through), even
if it has a color.
Solution - the mixture formed when a substance dissolves in it
Solute - the substance that dissolves
Solvent - the liquid in the solution

Dissolve - mixing of a substance in a liquid

Soluble - a substance which can dissolve (mix in a liquid)
Insoluble - a substance which cannot dissolve (mix in a liquid)
What about dissolving and melting?
Are they the same?
 MELTING DISSOLVING
• Melting is adding • Dissolving is when a
energy to a solid is placed in a
substance to change liquid and particles of
it from solid to the solid break away
liquid. into the liquid.
• Physical change • This is a physical
• Requires heat change, not phase
change.
• Requires liquid
 Connecting Dissolving and Mass
- The Law of Conservation of Mass -
• Conservation of Mass states that mass cannot be
created or destroyed, it can only be moved from
one place to another.
• In dissolving conservation of mass means that the
mass of the solvent and the mass of the solute can
be added to find the mass of the solution.
Masssolvent + Masssolute = Masssolution
In a chemical reaction conservation of mass means that:
- The same atoms which made up the reactants must
make up the products.
- The atoms are not created or destroyed in a chemical
reaction; they are just rearranged.
Conservation of mass tells us that if there are 4
Hydrogen atoms and 2 Oxygen atoms at the start of
this reaction then there will be the end of the
reaction 4 Hydrogen atoms and 2 Oxygen atoms at
the end of the reaction.
In this reaction you can see that mass is conserved
because there are 4 Hydrogen atoms, 4 Oxygen
atoms and 1 Carbon atom in the reactants and all
the same atoms are found in the products.
Homework: Textbook page 44

Answer questions 1 – 5 in
your exercise book
 Txtbk Pg 44
Question 1
Solute - sugar
solvent - water

Question 2
Dissolving involved two substances where the
solute will dissolve in the solvent. Melting
involved only one substance and it requires heat.
Question 3
59 g . 9 g of salt plus 50 g of water produce 59 g of
salt solution. (or 9 + 50 = 59g)

Question 4
No. This is because the green powder is insoluble.
A solution is transparent.

Question 5
- Use the suitable measuring cylinder
- Ensuring the meniscus is reading at eye level
- Use pipette to top up to the correct level.
 WB page 21 Exercise 2.1 A
A: Mixture
B: filtrate (inside the filter funnel: residue)
C: Solute (or solid)
D: Solvent
E: Solution

Exercise 2.1 B
1. Transparent is something that you can see
through it. For example, glass is transparent and
you can see what is behind it. Opaque does not
allow light to pass through. For example:
ceramic materials does not allowed you to see
what is behind it.
2. Dissolving involved two substances where the
solute will dissolve in the solvent. Melting
involved only one substance and it requires heat.

3. Solute is the solid that will dissolve in the

solvent to form solution.
 2.2 Solutions and Solubility

Recap:
A solution is a mixture of 2 or more substances

The solute is(are) the substance(s) present in the

smaller amount(s)

The solvent is the substance present in the larger

amount
 Solutions

Solvent

solute

When the solvent is water, the solution is said to be aqueous

What is concentrated and diluted ?
The amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at a
given temperature

•described as dilute if it has a low

concentration of solute dissolved

•described as concentrated if it
has a high concentration of solute
dissolved
•Unsaturated - has a less than the
maximum concentration of solute
dissolved

•Saturated - has the maximum

concentration of solute dissolved
(cannot dissolve any more)

•Supersaturated -contains more

dissolved solute than normally
possible (usually requires an
increase in temperature followed by
cooling)
Solubility
• The amount of solute that dissolves in a certain
amount of a solvent at a given temperature and
pressure to produce a saturated solution

Solubility - Temperature
- Temperature also influences the rate at which
a solute dissolves
- Sugar dissolves much more rapidly in hot tea
than in iced tea.
How and why?

At higher temperatures, the kinetic energy of

water molecules is greater than at lower
temperatures, so the molecules move faster.

The more rapid motion of the solvent molecules

leads to an increase in the frequency of the
force of the collisions between water
molecules and the surfaces of the sugar crystals.
Temperature

The solubility of most solid substances

increases as the temperature of the solvent
increases.
Let's have a look at the video on different
types of solution
Worksheet answer - Solubility Curve Practice

1. 30g
2. 65 - 67 g
3. 70 g
4. 100 g of water - 62 g > 62 x 3 = 186 g
100g of water - 64 g > 64 x 3 = 192 g
5. decrease / lowered
6. Unsaturated
7. 23 - 24 g (52 - 28g)
8. KClO3
9. NaCl
10.20 g
 WB page 23 - 27
1. insoluble
2. concentrated
3. saturated solution
4. soluble
5. diluted
2.2 B
6. Solute A
7. Solute B
8. Yes. This is because Arun’s results has similar
pattern/ trend to Zara’s results.
9. Zara used lesser volume of water than Arun. So
lesser amount of solutes is able to dissolved
5. Marcus has not used the same volume of
water for each of his tests. [1] For Solute A, he
used almost similar volume of water as Zara and
he got the same results as Zara. [1] As for Solute
B, he used almost the same amount of water as
Arun. Hence, the results is similar to Arun. [1] For
Solute C, he used a completely different amount
of water than Zara and Arun. So, his results is
completely different from both of theirs. [1]
Marcus should maintain the same volume of
water to make sure the test is fair. Only then, he
can compare the solubility of the three solutes.
 2.2C - Making up a solution
1 (a) add twice the amount of solvent / add 200 cm3 of
solvent. / Add half the solute.

(b) add three quarters more the amount of solvent / add

25% of the solute.

(c) add six quarters more of the solvent.

2. Use a suitable size of measuring cylinder to measure

the volume of water. Ensure that the eye level is
perpendicular to the scale while reading.
 Page 47 Qs 1-6

1. The total volume of the solution is the same

2. Solution E is the least concentrated solution
because it has the most solvent.
3. If both the salt and sugar used is white in colour,
then we won't be able to identify the
concentration since both give colourless solution.

- If brown sugar is used, then we can determine its

concentration by observing the colour change by
boiling it continuously .
- Pink salt and white salt gives colourless solution.
4. We need to measure the volume of food dye and
water to compare the different concentration of
solutions more accurately.

5. No, because small volume would be hard to

measure in such a large volume measuring cylinder.
The graduations on the scale would not be clear
enough.

6. There would be more food dye particles in the most

concentrated solution than in the most diluted
solution.
 Page 49 Qs 1-5
1. Saturated solution is one that cannot have any
more solute dissolved in it. (Has reach maximum
saturation point)
2. 32 g
3. 14 g
4. 18 g
Page 50 Qs 6 - 7
6. 102 + 408 = 510 g
204 g of sugar - 100 g of water
102 g of sugar - 50 g of water
408 g of sugar - 200 g of water
7.
204 g = 20 degree
408 g = 40 degree

At 80 degree
816 g = 100 g of water
1632 g = 200g of water
408 g = 50g of water

the total sugar that it can dissolved = 1632 + 408

= 2040 g

The different volume of sugar that can be dissolved

= 2040 - 510
= 1530 g
 Page 51 Qs 8 - 11
8. The higher the temperature, the greater the
solubility of all three salts.

9. 72 - 73 g in 100g of water

10. sodium nitrate

11. potassium nitrate

Solubility - Particle Size of Solute

The rate at which a solute dissolves also depends

upon the size of the solute particles.

The smaller particles in granulated sugar expose

a much greater surface area to the colliding
water molecules.

The more surface area of the solute that is

exposed, the faster the rate of dissolving
Other Solvents
Different types of solvent and their usage

Ethanol – cosmetics
Methanol - Removing paint from paint brush
Acetone - Remove nail polisher
Tetrachloroethylene - Cleaning agent
Toluene - Paint thinners, explosives industries
Methyl acetate - paint removers
Ethyl acetate - Flavour enhancer
 2.3 Planning a solubility investigation
A variable is anything that can change or be changed.
It can be:
- manipulated
- controlled
- measured in an experiment.

Experiments contain different types of variables.

- Independent variable is the cause / changes you made
- Dependent variable is the effect / thing you measure
- Controlled variables is the variables you keep the
same
Plotting graph based on the variables
 Page 28 - 29
*Anomalous - mistakes / outlier

1. As the volume of water increase (horizontal

axis), the amount of salt dissolved (vertical
axis) will also increase.
2. Circle the second dot. (It is supposed to be 20
cm3, not 28 cm3)
3. The reading taken for 60cm3 of water, 26g of
salt. This is because the reading shows sudden
increase and is the same as the reading for 70
cm3 of water
 Pg 30
5. The graph shows that the larger the volume of
water used, the larger the mass of salt that can be
dissolved .

6. Yes, she predicted correctly

Exercise 2.3B
1. The type of salt
2. The solubility of two different salt
3. Volume of solvent (water), the temperature, the
same amount of salt, the time taken for the
amount of dissolved salt to be measured
4.

Step 1
Get ready 2 beakers, 2 thermometers, glass rods, 2 types of salt and
water.

Step 2
measure a fixed volume of water in 2 separate beakers.

Step 3
Measure the initial temperature of the water

Step 4
Measure the mass of the salt (using electronic balance or number of
spatula added) and add salt X to one of the beakers until no more can be
dissolved.
Step 5
Repeat step 3 and 4 with salt Y

Step 6
Tabulate (record) the results and present the results in line
graph.

Exercise 2.3C
5. 80 degree Celcius
6. Salt Y
7. At 0 to about 70 degree, the solubility of salt X rises as the
temperature increases. Then, the graph level off. This shows
that any increase in temperature over 70 degree makes no
difference to the quantity of salt x that can dissolve.
8. At 0 degree, Salt Y shows solubility of 30g in
100g of water. Then, the solubility of Salt Y
increases steadily to a temperature of 100
degree at the same rate.
 2.4 Paper Chromatography

Chromatography is a technique for separating

mixtures into their components in order to
analyze, identify, purify, and/or quantify the
mixture or components.
Uses for Chromatography
Chromatography is used by scientists to:

Analyze – examine a mixture, its components, and

their relations to one another
Identify – determine the identity of a mixture or
components based on known components
Purify – separate components in order to isolate
one of interest for further study
Quantify – determine the amount of the a mixture
and/or the components present in the sample
Real-life examples of uses for chromatography
Pharmaceutical Company – determine amount of
each chemical found in new product

Hospital – detect blood or alcohol levels in a patient’s

blood stream

Law Enforcement – to compare a sample found at a

crime scene to samples from suspects

Environmental Agency – determine the level of

pollutants in the water supply

Manufacturing Plant – to purify a chemical needed to

make a product
Types of Chromatography
Liquid Chromatography
- Separates liquid samples with a liquid solvent
(mobile phase) and a column composed of solid
beads (stationary phase)

Gas Chromatography
- Separates vaporized samples with a carrier gas
(mobile phase) and a column composed of a liquid
or of solid beads (stationary phase)
Paper Chromatography
- Separates dried liquid samples with a liquid solvent
(mobile phase) and a paper strip (stationary phase)
- The resulting image on the paper is called a
chromatogram

Thin-Layer Chromatography
- Separates dried liquid samples with a liquid solvent
(mobile phase) and a glass plate covered with a
thin layer of alumina or silica gel (stationary phase)
 How does it happen?
- Water is a solvent
- As the water moves up the paper, it carries the ink
particles with it since it is soluble in water.
- The different kinds of ink particles are carried
different distances before they are left behind on
the paper

- This is because not all ink have the same solubility.

The more soluble the ink, the further its particles
are carried.
 What about permanent ink?

For ink that is not soluble in water - such as

permanent marker pen, different solvent such as,
alcohol will need to be use
 How to interpret chromatogram ?
A paper chromatogram can be used to distinguish
between pure and impure substances:

A pure substance produces one spot

An impure substance produces two or more spots

A paper chromatogram can also be used to identify

substances by comparing them with known substances .
Two substances are likely to be the same if:
- They produce the same number of spots, and these
match in colour
- The spots travel the same distance up the paper
compared to reference spots
In this chromatogram, the brown ink is made of a
mixture of the red, blue and yellow inks. This is
because the spots in the brown ink have travelled
the same distance as the reference inks.
 WB Page 33 - 37
Exercise 2.4B
1. It is to prevent the spot of drinks from mixing
with the water. (So that the spot will be
carried up as the water moves upwards)
2. six
3. The four patch from the bottom should be
circle
4. This is to recheck that she gets the same
results if she repeats the test. If it still contain
the harmful chemicals, the company should be
advised to stop making the drinks
Exercise 2.4 C
1. This is because the dried liquid is not soluble in
water.
2. She should try using different solvents such as
alcohol (or ethanol).
3. A: Glass rod / pencil
B: Solvent front
C: Beaker / cup
D: Chromatography paper
E: spot of ink (spot where liquid was placed at start /
flower extract)
F: Solvent
4. so that the spot of ink is concentrated.
5. It is a mixture because it has more than one spot.
6. The liquid will dissolve in the solvent. The
different substances have different solubility. As
the solvent moved up the chromatography paper,
the solutes will move / carry up with it. The
particles of the more soluble substances are
carried further up than the particles of the less
solubility.
 Textbook page 60 - 61

1. Blue and yellow. Since they have only one spot

2. Brown. It has 3 spots
3. Blue. It travels furthest from the pencil line
4. Brownish-red. It travels the shortest distance
from the pencil line.
5. C is not permitted.
6. This is to ensure that the results is accurate
and reliable
7. D because it has been carried the furthest by
the solvent along the chromatography paper.
 Check your progress page 66 - 67
2.1 2.2
dissolve a. zinc carbonate
solvent b. transparent
solution c. Place the mixture of copper
carbonate and iron sulfate in water
insoluble and stir. Since iron sulfate is soluble
volume in water whereas copper carbonate is
temperature insoluble, iron sulfate will be in the
filtrate. Then, crystallisation can be
conducted and pure iron sulfate can
be obtained.
2.3
a. saturated
b. 20 - 80 degree celsius
c. 10 degree celsius
d. amount of water; size of the beaker
e. temperature of the water
f. the point at 60 degrees celsius
g. the higher the temperature of water, the more
copper sulfate will dissolve in it.