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Ch. 12 Solutions

Here are the steps to solve this problem using the dilution equation: * You are given: Original solution volume (V1) = 23 mL and molarity (M1) = 5.1 M * Final volume (V2) = 250.0 mL * Substitute into the dilution equation: M1V1 = M2V2 * M1 = 5.1 M, V1 = 23 mL, V2 = 250.0 mL * Solve for M2: M2 = (M1V1) / V2 = (5.1 mol/L * 0.023 L) / 0.250 L = 0.20 M Therefore, the molarity of the

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39 views43 pages

Ch. 12 Solutions

Here are the steps to solve this problem using the dilution equation: * You are given: Original solution volume (V1) = 23 mL and molarity (M1) = 5.1 M * Final volume (V2) = 250.0 mL * Substitute into the dilution equation: M1V1 = M2V2 * M1 = 5.1 M, V1 = 23 mL, V2 = 250.0 mL * Solve for M2: M2 = (M1V1) / V2 = (5.1 mol/L * 0.023 L) / 0.250 L = 0.20 M Therefore, the molarity of the

Uploaded by

jim tanner
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A mixture that contains two or more substances

where it is not possible to distinguish the


substances from one another is called
homogeneous mixture.

Homogeneous Mixtures
(Solutions)

Solute Solvent
The substance that The substance that
dissolves does the dissolving
Heterogeneous Mixtures
• Suspensions
– Mixtures with large particles that will settle to the
bottom when left alone
– Can be filtered
– Soil in water

• Colloids
– Mixtures with medium size particles that won’t
settle
– Mayonnaise, milk
Electrolytes
• When a substance dissolves in water
and breaks into charged particles
• The charges can conduct electricity
– NaCl breaks into Na+ and Cl-

• Substances that don’t break into ions


are nonelectrolytes
– Sugar
• Soluble
– Capable of being dissolved
• Insoluble
– Not able to be
– Creates a solution
dissolved

– Limit to the amount that can


dissolve per volume – Creates a
heterogeneous
mixture
Solvation
• The process of surrounding solute
particles with solvent particles to form
a solution.

• How are forces of attraction involved in


the solvation process?
Why do some things dissolve and others
don’t?

“like dissolves like”


Factors that affect solvation
• Agitation

• Surface Area

• Temperature
Temperature and solvation
• For gases, increasing temperature
typically decreases solubility

• For solids, it is harder to predict. Most


of the time, increasing temperature
increases solubility.
• Saturated Solution
A solution that contains the maximum of
dissolved solute it can hold for that T & P.

• Unsaturated Solution
A solution that contains less dissolved solute
than it can hold for that T & P.

• Supersaturated Solution
Contains more dissolved solute that a
saturated solution at the same T & P.
Solubility
• Defined as the amount of a substance
that is required to form a saturated
solution at a specific temperature and
pressure

• Typically given in grams per gram of


water.
Solubility of gases & pressure
• Solubility does not change much in
solids and liquids when pressure is
changed

• Henry’s Law
– The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly
proportional to the partial pressure of the
gas
How does energy change
when solutions form?
• When a solid dissolves, the solvent
breaks the intermolecular forces and
separates the particles

• Can either release or absorb energy


depending on the substance being
dissolved
Homework
• Pg 426
– #7 - 12
4 ways to calculate Concentration

• Percent by Mass

• Percent by Volume

• Molarity

• Molality
Percent by Mass = mass of solute x 100%
mass of solution
Percent by mass = mass of solute x 100%
mass of solution
What is the percent by mass of NaCl in solution
when there are 0.0036 kg NaCl per 100.0 g of water?
What is the percent by mass of sugar in a solution
containing 21.4 g of sugar dissolved in 320.0 mL of
water?
There is 5004 g of solution. The percent by mass of
potassium hydroxide in the solution is 32.3%. How
many grams of potassium hydroxide are in the
solution?

How many grams of solvent are in the solution?


There is 22 g of a solution of carbon dioxide in water.
The percent by mass carbon dioxide in the solution
is 4.3%. How many grams of carbon dioxide are in
the solution?

What is the volume of the solution assuming the


volume of CO2 is negligible.
What is the volume of a solution of salt water that
contains 6.8% NaCl by mass and has a mass of 54.3
g, assuming the volume of salt is negligible?
Percent by volume = volume of solute x 100%
volume of solution

25.3 mL of carbon tetrachloride are dissolved in 0.51


L of methanol. What is the percent by volume of
carbon tetrachloride?
What is the percent by volume of methanol in a
solution that contains 113 mL methanol in 0.205 L
of water?
If 22 mL of ethanol is used to make a solution that is
36% ethanol by volume, how many mL of solution is
produced?
Molarity
Molarity = moles of solute
liters of solution

Volume of solution is not the same as


volume of solvent. Adding in the solute often
changes the total volume by a small amount.
Molarity = moles of solute
liters of solution

6 mol of NaCl dissolved in water to give a total


volume of 200 mL.
A solution contains 0.372 g of K2O per 140 mL of
solution. What is its molarity?
What is the molarity of a 0.250 L solution containing
14.11 g of NaC2H3O2?
How many moles of CH3CH2OH are present in 500.0
mL of a 2.5 M solution?
How many grams of solute are present in 1.5 L
of 0.20 M solution of Na2SO4?
How many grams of solute are present in 200.0 mL
of 0.75 M NaCl?
How many moles are in 52 mL of 1.11 M
Al2(PO4)3?

How many grams are in 2.07 L of 5.2 M


Ca(C2H3O2)2?

How many grams are in 4.1 mol of CH4?


Molality
Molality = moles of solute
kilograms of solvent

Can measure with just a scale and no other tool.


Measurement depends on solvent, unlike molarity.
Really only used with water

Unit is molal, m, or mol/kg


Molality = moles of solute
kg of solvent
In the lab, a student adds 4.5 g of NaCl to 100.0g
of water. Calculate molality
What is the molality of a solution containing
10.0 g of K2SO4 dissolved in 1000.0 g of
water?
Calculate the molality of a solution prepared by
dissolving 10.0 g of NaCl in 600.0 g of water.
Distinguish between a 1m solution and a
1 M solution.
How many kilograms of water must be added
to 9.0 g of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, to prepare a
0.024 m solution?

How many grams of water must be added to


12.0 g of CO2, to prepare a 1.3 m solution?
Concentrated solutions are called
stock solutions

We use “stock solutions” to make less


concentrated solutions in the lab.
M1V1 = M2V2
You have a 4.2 M stock solution of CaCl2. You
need 250.0 mL of a 3.9 M solution.
What is the volume of stock solution that you
need to prepare the second solution?
What volume of a 5.24 M LiCl stock solution would
you use to make 0.500 L of a 3.5 M solution?
You need 1500 mL of 0.1 M HCl. What would you do
to prepare the solution from a stock solution of 2.3
M HCl?
In the lab, you dilute 23 mL of a 5.1 M solution to
make 250.0 mL of a new solution. What is the
molarity of the new solution?

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