Introduction to 4.

0 Industrial 1 Autonomous Robot

I. Introduction about autonomous robot

1. Definition of autonomous
Autonomous robots are machines that are designed to perform tasks
independently, without human intervention. These robots are equipped with
sensors and other devices that enable them to perceive their environment,
make decisions, and take actions based on their programming.
Autonomous robot

Control Communication
Sensors Actuators
system system

Based on the different type, mission of each components of the autonomous

leading to 4 types of the autonomous.
Autonomous robot

Ground Aerial Underwater Space

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 03/15/2023

Introduction to 4.0 Industrial 2 Autonomous Robot

I. Introduction about autonomous robot

2. The purpose and the important
The purpose of autonomous robots is to perform tasks and make decisions
without human intervention, in order to increase efficiency and productivity,
improve safety, and reduce human error.
Autonomous robots are designed to operate in a variety of environments
and situations, ranging from factories and warehouses to outer space and deep
oceans. They can perform a wide range of tasks, such as assembling
products, inspecting infrastructure, delivering goods, and exploring new
environments.
Such as Aethon Tug robot

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 03/15/2023

Introduction to 4.0 Industrial 3 Autonomous Robot

II. Types of autonomous

1. Ground robot
Ground robots are autonomous robots that are designed to operate on the
ground, either indoors or outdoors. They are equipped with wheels or tracks
that enable them to move around and navigate through a variety of terrains and
obstacles.

Autonomous
Ground robot

Surveillance and Manufacruting

Reconnaissance and logistics

Inspection and Search and

maintance rescue

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 03/15/2023

Introduction to 4.0 Industrial 4 Autonomous Robot

II. Types of autonomous

1. Ground robot
About the surveillance and reconnaissance
Ground robots can be equipped with cameras and other sensors that enable
them to perform surveillance and reconnaissance tasks in a variety of
environments. A remote controlled surveillance robot is defined as any robot
that is remotely controlled to capture images/video for specific purposes.
The PackBot is a small, remotely operated robot that can be equipped with
a range of sensors and cameras for reconnaissance and surveillance missions.
It is designed to traverse a variety of terrains, including stairs and narrow
passages, and can be fitted with tools for manipulating objects or disabling
explosive devices.

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 03/15/2023

Introduction to 4.0 Industrial 5 Autonomous Robot

II. Types of autonomous

1. Ground robot
About the inspection and maintenance
Ground robots can be used to inspect and maintain infrastructure, such as
bridges and pipelines, without the need for human intervention.
Such as Pipeline maintained robot, Pipeline maintenance robots are used
for inspecting and maintaining pipelines, which are used for transporting liquids
and gases in a variety of industries, such as oil and gas, water management,
and chemical processing.

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 03/15/2023

Introduction to 4.0 Industrial 6 Autonomous Robot

II. Types of autonomous

1. Ground robot
About the manufacturing and logistics
Ground robots can be used to perform a variety of tasks in manufacturing and
logistics, such as assembling products and transporting goods.
Such as the AGV in the Amazon, The AGVs in Amazon's warehouses can
carry different types of items, from small to large, and they are designed to
navigate through narrow aisles and crowded areas. They are equipped with
sensors that can detect objects in their path and adjust their speed and
trajectory accordingly. The drives are also connected to a central control
system that monitors their location, speed, and battery level.

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 03/15/2023

Introduction to 4.0 Industrial 7 Autonomous Robot

II. Types of autonomous

1. Ground robot
About the manufacturing and logistics
Welding robots use various sensors, such as vision sensors, proximity
sensors, and force sensors, to perform the welding task. The robot arm holds
the welding torch and moves it along the seam of the workpiece, following a
pre-programmed path.

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 03/15/2023

Introduction to 4.0 Industrial 8 Autonomous Robot

II. Types of autonomous

1. Aerial robots
Aerial robots, also known as drones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), are
autonomous robots that are designed to fly in the air. They are equipped with
rotors or propellers that enable them to lift off the ground and maneuver
through the air. Aerial robots are used in a wide range of applications, including
military and defense, search and rescue, agriculture, and filmmaking. Some of
the common tasks that aerial robots can perform include:

Autonomous
Aerial robot

Surveillance and Mapping and

Reconnaissance surveying

Inspection and
Entertainment
maintance

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 03/15/2023

Introduction to 4.0 Industrial 9 Autonomous Robot

II. Types of autonomous

2. Aerial robots
1.Quadcopters: Quadcopters are small aerial robots that are popular for
hobbyists and professionals alike. They typically have four rotors and are used
for aerial photography, videography, and inspection of hard-to-reach areas.

2.Fixed-wing drones: Fixed-wing drones are larger and have a fixed wing,
allowing them to fly longer distances than quadcopters. They are commonly
used for mapping, surveying, and agriculture.

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 03/15/2023

Introduction to 4.0 Industrial 10 Autonomous Robot

II. Types of autonomous

3. Underwater robots
Underwater robots, also known as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs)
or remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), are autonomous robots that are
designed to operate underwater. They are equipped with propulsion systems
that enable them to move around and navigate through water. Underwater
robots are used in a variety of applications, ranging from scientific research and
exploration to oil and gas industry operations.

Autonomous
Underwater robot

Military and
Ocean exploration
defense

Oil and gas industry Scientific

operations research

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 03/15/2023

Introduction to 4.0 Industrial 11 Autonomous Robot

II. Types of autonomous

3. Underwater robots
Base on that, there are some specific examples for the underwater
autonomous robot. First, is the Bluefin-21, an autonomous underwater vehicle
(AUV) that is used for deep-sea exploration and surveying. It is equipped with
sonar and cameras that enable it to create detailed maps of the ocean floor.

Remus: This is another AUV that is used for a variety of underwater tasks,
including mine detection and clearance, environmental monitoring, and ocean
research.

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 03/15/2023

Introduction to 4.0 Industrial 12 Autonomous Robot

II. Types of autonomous

3. Space robot
Space robots, also known as robotic spacecraft or space probes, are
autonomous robots that are designed to operate in space. They are equipped
with propulsion systems that enable them to move through space and conduct
scientific research and exploration

Space robot

Planetary Space
exploration maintenace

Military and
Orbital observation
defense

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 03/15/2023

Introduction to 4.0 Industrial 13 Autonomous Robot

II. Types of autonomous

3. Space robot
Robonaut - developed by NASA and General Motors, Robonaut is a
humanoid robot designed to assist astronauts on the International Space
Station (ISS). It is equipped with advanced sensors and dexterous
manipulators, and is capable of performing a range of tasks autonomously or
under teleoperation.

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 03/15/2023

Introduction to 4.0 Industrial 14 Autonomous Robot

II. Components of Autonomous robot

1. Sensor
Sensors are an essential component of autonomous robots as they allow the
robot to perceive and interact with its environment. A sensor is a device that
detects and responds to a physical stimulus such as light, sound, or
temperature, and converts it into a signal that can be processed by the
robot's control system.

Sensor

Proximity
Vision sensors
sensor

Inertial sensor Force sensor

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 03/15/2023

Introduction to 4.0 Industrial 15 Autonomous Robot

III. Components of Autonomous robot

1. Sensor
Vision sensor such as cameras and LIDAR, are used to capture visual
information about the robot's environment. Cameras are used to capture still
images or video, while LIDAR sensors use laser light to create a 3D map of the
robot's surroundings.
Inertial sensors: Inertial sensors, such as accelerometers and gyroscopes,
are used to measure the acceleration and rotation of the robot. They are used
to calculate the robot's position and orientation, as well as to detect
changes in motion and direction
Proximity sensors: Proximity sensors are used to detect the presence of
objects in the robot's environment. They can be used to prevent collisions
and enable the robot to interact with its surroundings.
Force sensors: Force sensors are used to measure the forces and
pressures exerted on the robot's components. They can be used to detect
changes in the robot's environment, such as the weight of an object
being lifted, or to monitor the performance of the robot's actuators.

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 03/15/2023

Introduction to 4.0 Industrial 16 Autonomous Robot

III. Components of Autonomous robot

2. Actuators
There are several types of actuators commonly used in autonomous robots.
These include electric motors, pneumatic actuators, hydraulic actuators,
piezoelectric actuators, and shape memory alloys (SMAs). Each type of
actuator has unique characteristics and is suited for specific applications.
3. Control system
Control is a critical aspect of autonomous robots, as it enables them to
perform complex tasks by executing a series of pre-programmed instructions or
by making decisions based on sensor input.
1.PID Control: Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control is a commonly
used control algorithm in autonomous robots. It is used to control the
movement of the robot, such as maintaining a specific speed or direction.
2.Neural Networks: Neural Networks are a type of control system that use a
set of interconnected nodes to learn and make decisions. In robotics, neural
networks can be used to control the robot's movements, recognize objects or
patterns, and make decisions based on sensory inputs.

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 03/15/2023

Introduction to 4.0 Industrial 17 Autonomous Robot

III. Components of Autonomous robot

2. Power system
The power system of an autonomous robot typically includes one or more
batteries or power sources, such as fuel cells or solar panels, that provide
electrical energy to the robot. The power sources must be chosen based on
the specific requirements of the robot's application, including the amount
of energy needed to operate and the length of time the robot needs to
function before recharging or refueling.
3. Communication system
The communication system is an essential component of autonomous robots,
as it allows them to exchange information with their environment,
including other robots, humans, and the control center. The
communication system of an autonomous robot typically includes various
components, such as sensors, antennas, transceivers, and protocols.

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 03/15/2023

Introduction to 4.0 Industrial 18 Autonomous Robot

IV. Challenges and Limitations

1. Limited capabilities in complex environments
Complex environments are those that involve a high degree of variability and
uncertainty, such as outdoor environments with changing weather conditions or
dynamic indoor environments with moving objects and people. These
environments can pose significant challenges for autonomous robots, as
they require the ability to make decisions and adapt to changing
circumstances in real-time.
2. Reliance on accurate and reliable data.
The accuracy and reliability of the data collected by autonomous robots can
be affected by various factors, including the quality of the sensors used,
environmental factors such as lighting or weather conditions, and the presence
of other objects or people in the environment. For example, sensors used in
outdoor environments can be affected by factors such as glare or
reflections, which can lead to inaccuracies in the data collected.

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 03/15/2023