Design of RFID Tag

Antenna for UHF Band

Application
A Departmental Pre-Thesis Submission Seminar
1

Presented by, Under Supervision of

P Limameren Chang Er. Garima Saini
ME-ECE, 2017 Batch Assistant Professor
Roll no: 172610 ECE dept. NITTTR, Chd
2 Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Applications
3. Literature survey
4. Inferences drawn
5. Problem definition
6. Proposed work objective
7. Design methodology
8. Time plan
9. References
 1. Introduction
3 1.1Definition of RFID Technologies
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a technology based identification system that uses the radiation
properties of the radio waves to uniquely identify the objects automatically. Its main function is to identify the
objects, animals or people associated with a transponder (tag) that can be stuck, attached or implanted.
1.2 General Operating Principle

 RFID system: InterrogatorFig 1.1 Basics

(reader), of RFID(tag),
Transponder systemand Antennas.
 Microchip: Information about the objects. RFID tag.
 Downlink or Forward link, Uplink or Reverse link.
 Radio waves for communication purpose between reader and tag
 1.3 Types of Tag
1.3.1 Frequency Band
4
RFID reader and the tag have to be tuned to the same frequency of operation for effective communication.
 Low Frequency Band: 125/134 KHz, fixed
 High Frequency Band: 13.56 MHz, fixed
 Ultra High Frequency band: 860-960 MHz, varies
 Microwave Band: 2.4-2.45 GHz, fixed
Inductive and Radiative Coupling

Fig 1.2 Mutual inductance Fig 1.3 Radiative coupling

 1.3.2 Types of Providing Power to the Tag
 Passive tag Semi Passive Tag
5

 Semi passive tag

 Active tag

They are classified according to the absence or presence of a radio transmitter and a battery. Active tag has the
longest read range, but are more expensive and bigger size.
 1.4 Working of a Passive RFID Tag
 Reasons: Cheap, Small size, and High life.
6
 Inactive state
 Awakened by an impinging EM fields sensed within the read range.
 Backscattered signal

Fig 1.5 Schematic Diagram of a Passive RFID Tag Fig 1.6 Commercial Passive RFID tag
 2. Applications
7  In Military defense: Track weapon movement of weapon, movement of the soldiers. Provide real time
information making it easy to track the movement of the weapons and its location.
 Internet of Things: Identify, track and monitor the objects attached with tags globally, automatically, and
in real time.
 Retail apparel: Valuable information about the supply chain as well as product consumption and cycle
speed. It also reduce employee theft or shop lifting through monitoring of inventory movement.
 Library automation: Faster checkout, easier return and extra security.
 Agriculture: Track the movement of animals in large farm house. Monitor the heath of the animals and
ensures each individual among the thousands are taking correct food.
 Hospital: Patient identification, real-time location service of medical assets, and drug inventory control
and monitoring.
 Vehicles: Allow or deny access based on a vehicle having a specific RFID to provide a building or parking
lot an enhanced level of security, identify a vehicle and access information about it by reading its RFID
tag, tracking a vehicle through setting up checkpoints along the route.
 3. Literature Survey
8  K. V. Seshagiri Rao, Pavel V. Nikitin and Sander F. Lam, “Antenna Design for UHF RFID Tags: A Review
and a Practical Application”, IEEE Transactions On Antennas and Propagation, VOL. 53, NO. 12, pp.
3870-3876, 2005.
DISCUSSION
 Authors presents an overview of antenna design for passive RFID tag. The most important tag performance
characteristics is read range- maximum distance at which RFID reader can detect the backscattered signal
from the tag.
 Read range depends on the impedance matching, and the gain of the tag antenna in general. Ultimately, it
results for the designers to accept the inevitable tradeoffs between antenna gain, impedance and bandwidth.
 To provide better match, one meandered section can be further meandered to obtain additional inductance.
  Simone Zuffanelli, Gerard Zamora, Pau Aguilà, Ferran Paredes, Ferran Martín, and Jordi Bonache,
“Analysis of the Split Ring Resonator (SRR) Antenna Applied to Passive UHF-RFID Tag Design”,
9 IEEE Transactions On Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 856-864, 2016.
DISCUSSION:
 Authors considers the design of a passive UHF RFID tag application based on 1.25 wavelengths thin
dipole antenna.
 Meandered dipole antenna reduces the antenna radiation efficiency and hence the read range, a 1.25
wavelength long dipole antenna only is considered to maximize the gain while maintaining acceptable
dimensions and radiation pattern.
 A tag prototype has been designed by matching the antenna impedance to the Alien Higgs-3 chip input
impedance by means of a shunt inductance. The measured read range exhibits a maximum value of
17.5 m at the 902–928 MHz band.
  Zhipeng Liang, Jun Ouyang, Feng Yang, and Longjian Zhou, “Design of License Plate RFID Tag Antenna
Using Characteristic Mode Pattern Synthesis”, IEEE Transactions On Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 65,
10 No. 10, pp. 4964-4970, 2017
DISCUSSION:
 Authors designs a license plate RFID tag antenna using Characteristic Mode (CM) pattern synthesizer.
 The most promising current modes that can contribute to the desired pattern is selected and the choice of
the location chosen accordingly to excite the feeding network.
 CM synthesis method is used to describe the resonant behavior and radiation properties.
  Aarti Bansal, Surbhi Sharma, Rajesh Khanna, “A Compact meandered RFID tag antenna with high read
11 range for UHF band applications”, International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided
Engineering, 2019, pp. 1-12.
DISCUSSION:
 Authors presents a highly inductive spiral loop feed structure tag antenna for UHF RFID application.
 The proposed antenna impedance can be easily tuned by varying the dimensions of spiral loop and also
its coupling gap with radiating elements. The coupling of spiral loop with radiating element improves
radiation resistance and efficiency of tag antenna.
 The tag read range is measured on objects like fiber, wood, plastic and glass in outdoor scenario for its
environment scenario. The maximum read range was found to be 13.59m in free space with Omni
radiation pattern.
 4. Inferences Drawn
12 i. The main factors that effect the tags responsiveness are: Impedance matching between the RFID tag and
the microchip, better radiation efficiency, maximum reading range, bandwidth and size of the tag
antenna.
ii. The input impedance of the tag antenna should be conjugate matched to the RFID chip impedance to
deliver maximum power. This conjugate match is found by changing the tag antenna parameters. The
RFID chips usually tend to show a strong capacitive input impedance and a small resistance. thus, for
complex conjugate matching, the tag antenna should possess inductive impedance.
iii. Read range is directly proportional to the power transmission between the reader antenna and the tag
antenna. For a given antenna parameter, the RFID tag antenna read range can be calculated using Friis
equation. The main parameters are: gain of the reader antenna, power up threshold, tag antenna gain,
minimum turn on power of the chip, and power transmission coefficient. A larger sized antenna, results in
larger read range but with an external matching structure that may degrade the antenna performance due
to some additional losses; also the result may unnecessarily increase the size and cost of the tag.
Conversely, reducing the size of the antenna decreases the gain, causing further reduction in read range.
For maximum read range, the tag antenna should have maximum read range and better efficiency.
 iv. Meandered line dipole antenna type structure can be constructed for tag antenna. The meandering section
13 allows to decrease the size of the tag antenna and by using a ‘T-match’ structure conjugate matching can be
achieved. This matching can greatly enhance the read range of the RFID. By varying the number of
meandering arms or length of the antenna, the resonant frequency can be controlled. For optimization
purpose, the parameter sweep can be performed.
 5. Problem Definition
14 The call for RFID tags has lately expanded because of the development of the RFID technology, and the tags
in UHF band are extensively being used with the higher read range and much faster data transfer rate.
A lot of effort are being concentrated mostly for investigation in the RFID system to obtain the maximum
reading range and different techniques to accomplish the complex impedance matching between the RFID tag
antenna and the microchip.
Hence the maximum vital overall performance elements in RFID system are the read range, and goals to
accomplishing the complex impedance matching between the RFID tag antennas and microchip.
 6. Proposed Work Objective
15 The objective of this work is to design and optimize the tag antenna for UHF band to achieve:
I. Maximum read range, and
II. Operate over the entire UHF RFID frequency band of 860-960 MHz.
 7. Design Methodology
16 Select the application and define tag requirement

Determine the materials for antenna construction

Determine the RF impedance of packaged ASIC

Identify the type of antenna and its parameter

Perform parametric study and optimization

Build and measure prototype

Design
Design
requirements
Is ready.
met?
17

Fig 7.1 Scaled down version of the meandered antenna

 8. Time Plan
18
 9. References
19 1. Sudhir Bhaskar, Amit Kumar Singh, ”Meander Line Tag Antenna with Inductively Coupled Parasitic
Element and T-Loop Feed”, International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, 2017. pp.1-2.
2. Fijo Jose Kuttikattu, K.K. Aju John, Sanu Thomas and Thomas Kutty Mathew, “A Novel RFID Dipole
Tag with Meandered Arms and a Modified T-Match for UHF Band”, International Conference on Wireless
Communications, Signal Processing and Networking, 2017, pp. 2488-2490.
3. Ruo Xing Gao, Ling Yi Tang, and Mei Song Tong, “Design of a Novel Miniaturized RFID Tag Antenna
for UHF Applications”, Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium, 2018, pp.1817-1820.
4. Md. Mustafizur Rahman, Ajay Krishno Sarkar, “A Method for Calculating the Resonant Frequency of
Meander Line Dipole Antenna by Using Antenna’s Geometrical Parameters”, 7th International
Symposium in Computational Medical and Health Technology University of Hyogo, Himeji, Japan, 2017,
pp. 1-6.
5. Aarti Bansal, Surbhi Sharma, Rajesh Khanna, “A Compact meandered RFID tag antenna with high read
range for UHF band applications”, International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided
Engineering, 2019, pp. 1-12.
 6. K. V. Seshagiri Rao, Pavel V. Nikitin and Sander F. Lam, “Antenna Design for UHF RFID Tags: A Review
20 and a Practical Application”, IEEE Transactions On Antennas and Propagation, VOL. 53, NO. 12, pp.
3870-3876, 2005.
7. Zhipeng Liang, Jun Ouyang, Feng Yang, and Longjian Zhou, “Design of License Plate RFID Tag Antenna
Using Characteristic Mode Pattern Synthesis”, IEEE Transactions On Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 65,
No. 10, pp. 4964-4970, 2017
8. Simone Zuffanelli, Gerard Zamora, Pau Aguilà, Ferran Paredes, Ferran Martín, and Jordi Bonache,
“Analysis of the Split Ring Resonator (SRR) Antenna Applied to Passive UHF-RFID Tag Design”, IEEE
Transactions On Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 856-864, 2016.
9. Thi Quynh Van Hoang, Do Hanh Ngan Bui, Truc Phong Nguyen, Tan Phu Vuong, Christian Defay,
“Passive Battery-Free UHF RFID Tag for Athermic Car Windshields”, IEEE International Symposium on
Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA, 2017,
pp 643-644.
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Conference on Computational Electromagnetics. Parea Kumamoto Prefectural Community Center,
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 11. Raihani Hind, Benbassou Ali, El Ghzaoui Mohammed, Belkadid Jamal, “Performance Evaluation of a
Passive UHF RFID Tag Antenna using the Embedded T-Match Structure”, International Conference on
21 Wireless Technologies, Embedded and Intelligent Systems, 2017, pp. 216- 221.
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Modified Split Ring Resonator”, International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, Phuket, Thailand,
2017, pp. 659-660.
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Passive UHF RFID Tag”, International Conference on Wireless Technologies, Embedded and Intelligent
Systems, Fez, Morocco, 2017, pp.199-202.
14. Fijo Jose Kuttikattu, K.K. Aju John, Sanu Thomas and Thomas Kutty Mathew, “A Novel RFID Dipole Tag
with Meandered Arms and a Modified T-Match for UHF Band”, International Conference on Wireless
Communications, Signal Processing and Networking, 2017, pp. 2488-2490.
15. Wai-Hau Ng, Eng-Hock Lim, and Boon-Kuan Chung, “Compact Folded Patch Antenna for UHF RFID”,
Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Fall, 2017, pp. 132-134
16. Sayeed Sajal, Benjamin D. Braaten, “A Conformal Antenna on a Passive UHF RFID tag using 97% Carbon
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 17. Ahmed El Hamraoui, El Hassane Abdelmounim, Jamal Zbitou, Hamid Bennis, Mohamed Latrach, Ahmed
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Transactions On Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 856- 864, 2016
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26

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