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Oscillations

This document discusses oscillations and waves. It defines an oscillation as any motion that repeats itself, with reference to an equilibrium position where the net force is zero. Simple harmonic motion is described as one where the acceleration is proportional to and oppositely directed from the displacement. A spring-mass system demonstrates simple harmonic motion. The document discusses key characteristics of oscillations like period, frequency, amplitude, and discusses the mathematics behind simple harmonic motion. Forced oscillations and resonance are also summarized.

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Ricky Cement
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57 views37 pages

Oscillations

This document discusses oscillations and waves. It defines an oscillation as any motion that repeats itself, with reference to an equilibrium position where the net force is zero. Simple harmonic motion is described as one where the acceleration is proportional to and oppositely directed from the displacement. A spring-mass system demonstrates simple harmonic motion. The document discusses key characteristics of oscillations like period, frequency, amplitude, and discusses the mathematics behind simple harmonic motion. Forced oscillations and resonance are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Ricky Cement
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

BY A.PHIRI
What is an oscillation?
• Any motion that repeats itself described with reference to an
equilibrium position
the net force is zero
there is restoring force which acts to return object to
equilibrium position.
• An oscillation is characterized by:
Period (T)
frequency (f)
angular frequency (ω)
Amplitude (A)
Simple harmonic motion(SHM)
•One of the most important examples of periodic
motion is Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM), in which
some physical quantity varies sinusoidally
•“An object moves in a simple harmonic motion
whenever its acceleration is proportional to its
displacement from some equilibrium position and is
oppositely directed”.
•An object in an oscillating system experiences a force
towards the center, this force is called restoring force.
SHM Analytic
An example of a system that demonstrates SHM is a
spring object system
i.e. a mass attached to a spring
horizontally mounted on
a frictionless surface.
X=0 is the equilibrium
X is the displacement
FS is the restoring force
When the spring is stretched to the right or left, FS is
trying to restore the mass back to x=0
The force acting on the spring is a linear restoring
SHM continued…
•F is directly proportional to the displacement (α . By the rule of
variation to make F equal , introduce a constant k.

•Thus the motion in simple harmonic motion is defined by the


Hooke’s Law;

Where k is the spring constant ( k is positive)


and is spring force or restoring force
•FS is oppositely directed to the displacement from the equilibrium.
•Using Newton’s second law; acceleration in SHM can be found by

Thus (SHM)
SHM and uniform Circular motion
•In general, simple harmonic motion is a projection of
uniform circular motion.

•θ = angular displacement
•ω = angular velocity= 2π/T (in rad/s)
•ω= angular frequency= 2πf (in rad/s)
SHM Continued…
•In SHM the angular frequency is given as;
(SHM)
in units of N/m or
•Thus the frequency f of a SHM is;
= ( in rads/cycle or Hz)
•The period T in SHM is then;
(in seconds)
example
•A 50kg mass mounted on a horizontal spring is
displaced by 0.030m with a force of 6N on a
frictionless surface. Calculate;
a. force constant of the spring;
b. angular frequency ()
c. frequency()
d. period()
SOLUTION
(a)Using Hooke’s law
SHM continued…

(c)
Displacement, velocity and acceleration in SHM
•For SHM, the displacement from the equilibrium
varies with time as;

Where are constants


•The velocity

• The acceleration

• The maximum values of sine and cosine functions


are all ±1, thus the maximum values of are
whenever the sine and cosine is ±1,
• Therefore;
Example

An object with SHM motion along the x-axis. Its


displacement is 4.00m. . Calculate;
a. Frequency
b. Period
c. Velocity at t=1
d. Acceleration at t=1
a) = 0.5Hz

b) =2s

=8.89m/s
d).

Note; all angles in the parenthesis are in rads.


Energy in SHM
• In SHM, energy is conserved, thus’;
Velocity as a function of position
•Initial energy of the system is entirely potential energy
stored in the spring
•As the object moves towards the origin, it gains a new
position , part of this energy is transformed into
kinetic energy and potential energy
•The potential energy is reduced to .
•Because total energy of the system is equal to . we can
equate this quantity to the sum of KE and PE

• The maximum acceleration is at x=0, and U =0 E= m


Example
•A 0.500-kg cube connected to a light spring for which
the force constant is 20.0 N/m oscillates on a
horizontal, frictionless track.
(a) Calculate the total energy of the system and the
maximum speed of the cube if the amplitude of the
motion is 3.00cm.
(b) What is the velocity of the cube when the
displacement is 2.00 cm?
example
Example cont…
SIMPLE PENDULUM
•The simple pendulum is
another example of a system
that exhibits simple harmonic
motion
•The restoring force is the
component of the weight
tangent to the path of motion
Ft = - mg sin θ
where s is the bob’s position measured along the arc and the
negative sign indicates that the tangential force acts toward
the equilibrium (vertical) position.
Because and L is constant, this equation reduces to :
•In general, the motion of a pendulum
is not simple harmonic
•However, for small angles,
it becomes simple harmonic
In general, angles < 10° or 0.2 rad are small enough
sin θ ≈ θ
the period and frequency of a simple pendulum depend only of the length of the
string and the acceleration due to gravity
Damped oscillations
•Damped oscillations are those whose amplitude decreases with
time until it stops.

•This is due to the air resistance and the friction of the string on
where it is attached.
•An object when set into vibration, it oscillate with natural
frequency
•Consequently, the mechanical energy of the system
diminishes in time, and the motion is said to be
damped.
•The lost mechanical energy is transformed into
internal energy in the object and the retarding
medium
•Retarding force/ damping force is given by

•where b is a constant called the damping coefficient a


•Recall the restoring force of the system is -kx, we can
write Newton’s second law as
Note; The solution to this equation requires
mathematics that may be unfamiliar to you;

When the retarding force is small compared with the


maximum restoring force—that is, when b is small—the
solution
Underdamp, critical and overdamp

overdamp
critical damp
Underdamp,
Conditions for Underdamp, critical and
overdamp
a. Underdamp
Occurs when
b. Critical damp
As the value of b increases, the amplitude of the
oscillations decreases more and more rapidly. When b
reaches a critical value such that , the system does not
oscillate and is said to be critically damped
c. Overdamp
If the medium is so viscous that the retarding force is
large compared to the restoring force that is, if the
system is overdamped
Note; As the damping increases, the time interval
required for the system to approach equilibrium also
increases as indicated by the black curve
For critically damped and overdamped systems, there is
no angular frequency .
FORCED OSCILLATIONS
•The natural frequency is the frequency at which a
system would oscillate if there were no driving and no
damping force.
•If force is added, then the vibration is said to be
forced.
•Whenever natural frequency of an oscillating object is
equal to the forced oscillations, the condition is said to
be resonance
•A common example of a forced oscillator is a damped
oscillator driven by an external force that varies
periodically, such as

where F0 is a constant and is the angular frequency of the


driving force
Where A is the Amplitude of a driven oscillator
RESONANCE
For small damping, the amplitude is large when the
frequency of the driving force is near the natural
frequency of oscillation, or when.
The dramatic increase in amplitude near the natural
frequency is called resonance, and the natural
frequency is also called the resonance frequency of
the system.
END OF PRESENTATION
THANK YOU!!!!

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