Radio procedures

Objective

Overview of LTE Measurements

CQI Measurements
Handover Measurements
Cell Search Procedure
PLMN Selection
Cell Selection and Reselection
Random Access Procedure
Paging

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 2

LTE Physical Layer - Introduction
– It provides the basic bit transmission functionality over air
– LTE physical layer based on OFDMA downlink and SC-FDMA in uplink
direction
› This is the same for both FDD and TDD mode of operation
– There is no macro-diversity in use
– System is reuse 1, single frequency network operation is feasible
› No frequency planning required
– There are no dedicated physical channels anymore, as all resource
mapping is dynamically driven by the scheduler

FDD
Frequency band 1 ..
..
Frequency band 2 ..
..

TDD
Single frequency
.. band ..

Downlink Uplink
Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 3
 Cell Search

1. PSS Primary Synchronisation Signal

(Time-slot & Frequency synchronisation
+ Physical cell id (0,1,2) )

2. SSS Secondary Synchronisation Signal

(Frame synchronisation
+ Physical Cell id group (1..168) )

3. DL Reference Signals
(Channel estimation & measurements –
UE
like CPICH in UMTS)
eNodeB
4. PBCH – Physical Broadcast Channel
(MIB – DL system bandwidth, PHICH
configuration)

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 4

 Find Cell

Possible planning of the 504

sequences:

 3 (orthogonal) X 168 (pseudo-

random) = 504 Physical layer
cell identity
(1 out of 504)
 Cells belonging to the same Node-
B get the 3 different cell IDs from
the same group

 Cells belonging to different Node-

Bs get the different cell IDs from
different groups
Cell Groups 0 1 … 167

Cell IDs
0 1 20 1 2 … 0 1 2

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 5

 Time Synchronization FDD

10ms Radio frame

2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10

1ms Subframe
SSS

PSS
0.5ms (One slot)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Normal CP

1 2 3 4 5 6 Extended CP

PSS and SSS frame and slot structure in time domain in the
FDD case

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 6

 Time Synchronization TDD
10ms Radio frame

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1ms Subframe
SSS

PSS
1 ms TTI (two slots = 2×0.5ms)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Normal CP

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Extended CP

PSS and SSS frame and slot structure in time domain in the
TDD case

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 7

 Frequency Synchronization – PSS
3 different PSS
sequences
corresponding to 3
Length 63 Zadoff-Chu different cell IDs.
Zadoff –Chu
Sequence They could be
generated by using a
Sequences are different root sequence
based on CAZAC = ZCM(0)ZCM(1) ZCM(62) M for the Zadoff-
Constant Amplitude Five zeros Five zeros Sequences
Zero Auto- 0 0 0 0
Correlation
sequences Cell ID Root index
OFDM (M)
Modulator 0 25
1 29
2 34
62 subcarriers (d.c. not included)

72 subcarriers (d.c. not included)

PSS structure in frequency domain -> only 62 subcarriers out of 72 used. This
is because the length of the Zadoff-Chu Sequence is 63 (d.c. not included).
3GPP TS 36.211
Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 8
 PSS Primary Synchronisation Signal

Time slot (0.5 ms) syncronization

PSS placed strategically at the beginning and middle of frame
Estimation is vendor specific (matched filtering)
Frame ambiguity of 0.5 ms

Find physical layer cell ID

1 out of 3 sequences sent on PSS
1 to 1 mapping with the physical cell ID (table specified by
3GPP*)
The cell ID group not known yet

PSS

UE
eNod
eB
Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 9
 Frequency Synchronization – SSS
a , b = two different 2 different SSS per cell:
cyclic shifts of a single SSS0 in subframe 0 and SSS1
length-31 Length-31 binary sequence in subframe 5.
binary sequence SSS0 and SSS1 have the same
structure but are shifted in
a0a1 a30b0b1 b30 frequency domain

The cyclic shift is

Dependent on the 0 0 0 0
Physical layer cell
ID group (1..168) OFDM Modulator

62 subcarriers (d.c. not included)

SSS0 in
subframe
0
SSS1 in
subframe
72 subcarriers (d.c. not included) 5
SSS structure in frequency domain
Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 10
 SSS Secondary Synchronisation Signal

Frame (10 ms) synchronization

› 2 different sequences depending on the cell group are sent:
SSS0 and SSS1
› By observing the combination of pairs SSS0 and SSS1 the UE
can identify either the begining or the middle of the frame
- Example: the sequence SSS0-PSS is indicating the begining
of the frame, SSS1-PSS the middle of the frame

Find physical layer cell ID group

› Sequences SSS0 and SSS1 are mapped with the cell id group
1..168 (table specified by 3GPP*)
› The combination of SSS0 and SSS1 is giving the cell ID group

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 11

 PSS and SSS
PSS and SSS Frame in Frequency and Time Domain for FDD
Case
Frequency

SSS

6 RBs – 72 subcarriers = 1.4

(minimum LTE Bandwidth)

PSS

Reference signals

MHz
Unused RE

5 ms repetition Time
period

10 ms Radio frame

One subframe (1 ms)

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 12
 Cell Search

1. PSS Primary Synchronisation Signal

(Time-slot & Frequency synchronisation
+ Physical cell id (0,1,2) )

2. SSS Secondary Synchronisation Signal

(Frame synchronisation
+ Physical Cell id group (1..168) )

3. DL Reference Signals
(Channel estimation & measurements –
UE
like CPICH in UMTS)
eNodeB
4. PBCH – Physical Broadcast Channel
(MIB – DL system bandwidth, PHICH
configuration)

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 13

 DL Reference Signals

Used for:
• DL channel quality measurements
• DL channel estimation for coherent demodulation at the UE
• Too many signals reduce the DL capacity
• Too less signals may be not be enough for channel estimation
• Easy to be found by UEs

Like CPICH (Common Pilot Channel) in UMTS

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 14

Frequency DL Reference Signals

First slot Second slot

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
In Frequency: 1 reference symbol to
every 6th subcarrier
In one RB (resource block = 12
subcarriers): every 3rd subcarrier

Reference signal

*Normal CP (cyclic prefix) assumed

Time
In Time is fixed: 2 reference symbols
per Time slot (TS 0 & TS 4)

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 15

 Different Reference Signals Frequency
• Frequency
Shift

• Shift = 0 • Shift = 1 • Shift = 5

• Time
• Reference signal

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 16

 Cell-specific Reference Signals in Case of Multi-
Antenna Transmission

Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1

Reference signal Unused symbol

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 17

 Cell Search

1. PSS Primary Synchronisation Signal

(Time-slot & Frequency synchronisation
+ Physical cell id (0,1,2) )

2. SSS Secondary Synchronisation Signal

(Frame synchronisation
+ Physical Cell id group (1..168) )

3. DL Reference Signals
(Channel estimation & measurements –
UE
like CPICH in UMTS)
eNodeB
4. PBCH – Physical Broadcast Channel
(MIB – DL system bandwidth, PHICH
configuration)

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 18

 PBCH Design Criteria
 Detectable without the knowledge of system
Bandwidth
• mapped to the central 72 subcarriers
• over 4 symbols
• during second slot of each frame

 Low system overhead & good coverage

• Send minimum information → only the MIB (Master
Information Block)
• SIBs (System Information Blocks) are sent on PDSCH

 MIB (Master Information Block) content:

• DL system Bandwidth
• PHICH configuration (PHICH group number)
• System frame number SFN

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 19

 PBCH Mapping
Slot Slot
0 1

Frequency
6 RBs – 72 subcarriers = 1.4 MHz
SSS (minimum LTE Bandwidth)

PSS

Reference signals

Unused RE

PBCH

Time

First subframe (1 ms)

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 20
 PBCH Repetition Pattern

one radio frame = 10 ms

72 subcarriers

Repetition Pattern of PBCH = 40 ms

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 21

 Initial Access
8. PRACH Preamble

11. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

(Random Access response, ID of the received
preamble, UL resources for TX,
C-RNTI)

12. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

(RRC: RRC Connection Request,

UE
C-RNTI,
eNodeB TMSI or random number)

13. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

(Contention Resolution,
C-RNTI & TMSI)

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 22

 Multiplexing of PRACH with PUSCH and
PUCCH
PRACH slot
Duration( e.g. 1ms)

PUCCH

PRACH
Total UL Bandwidth

PRACH PRACH bandwidth

(1.08MHz)

PUSCH

PRACH slot period

PUCCH
Time

UL PRACH is orthogonal with the data in PUCCH and PUSCH (reserved

resources)
• Reserve resources for PRACH preambles
• Frequency: 6 Resource Blocks x 180 KHz = 1,08 MHz
• Time: 1 ms
Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 23
 PRACH Preamble Received at the eNodeB
PRACH slot duration

GT = Guard Time

UE close
Other CP Preamble Other
to the users users
eNodeB

Observation interval

UE at the
Other CP Preamble Other
Cell edge users users

CP = Cyclic Prefix It can be seen that the UE at cell

edge is using almost all Guard Time

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 24

 PRACH Formats and Cell Ranges
1 ms CELL RANGE

800 µs 100 µs
 14 Km
Format 0 C Preamble G
P T
 2 ms

684 µs 800 µs 520 µs

Format 1 CP Preamble GT  77 Km

 2 ms

203 µs 1600 µs 200µs

Format 2 CP Preamble Preamble GT  29 Km

 3 ms

684 µs 1600 µs 720 µs

Format 3 CP Preamble Preamble GT  100 Km

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 25

 Intra-Cell Interference

How can multiple terminals perform

random access attempt at the same time
without collision?

eNodeB Solution ?

64 different orthogonal Preambles

available in each cell obtained by cyclic
UE1
shift of a Zadoff-Chu sequence
UE3
If however collision is happening (2 UEs
UE2 using the same preamble) -> contention
resolution process

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 27

 Initial Access
8. PRACH Preamble

11. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

(Random Access response, ID of the received
preamble, UL resources for TX,
C-RNTI)

12. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

(RRC: RRC Connection Request,

UE
C-RNTI,
eNodeB TMSI or random number)

13. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

(Contention Resolution,
C-RNTI & TMSI)

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 28

 DL Transmission
1. DL Reference signals

2. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel

(CQI based on DL reference signals measurements)
3. PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
(How many symbols (1,2,3) in the
beginning of the sub-frame are for
PDCCH)
4. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
(Downlink assignment for PDSCH:
Modulation & coding, resource blocks)
5. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel UE

eNodeB (user data → initial transmission)

6. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)
(ACK/ NACK for HARQ)

7. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

(user data → eventual re-transmission)

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 30

 DL Transmission
• The Node-B scheduler should decide based on CQI:
 The number of UEs to be scheduled
 The allocated resource block (time & frequency)
 Modulation and coding scheme
 MIMO used or not

• The decision is sent to the UE in the Control Channel Region of the

subfame (1ms) (on PDCCH) together with the allocated resource
blocks

• The actual user data is sent to the UE on the remaining subframe →

Data Region (on PDSCH)

• P
DCC
H
• P
D SC
H • U
• eNod E
eB
Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 32
 DL Transmission
1. DL Reference signals

2. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)

(CQI based on DL reference signals measurements)

3. PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

(How many symbols (1,2,3) in the beginning of
the sub-frame are for PDCCH)

4. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel

(Downlink assignment for PDSCH:
Modulation & coding, resource blocks)

5. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel UE

eNodeB (user data -> initial transmission)

6. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)

(ACK/ NACK for HARQ)

7. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

(user data → eventual re-transmission)

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 33

 PCFICH
• CFI = control format indicators
• Indicates how many OFDM symbols per subframe are for PDCCH: 1, 2 or
3 symbols

• The CFI is carried by 32 bits of information

• 16 RE Resource Elements distributed in frequency

• Sent in the first 3 symbols of the subframe

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 34

 PCFICH Structure
2 input bits are enough to signal the PDCCH size:
1, 2 or 3 symbols 4

2 bits 32 bits 32 bits 16

Rate 1/16 Scrambling QPSK
block code modulation symbols
4

subcarriers
D.C.

One Resource

72
4
Element Group
(REG) = 4 RE
PCFICH resource elements
Resource elements 4
reserved for reference
symbols
Time

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 35

 PDCCH Resource Adjustment from
PCFICH
First subframe (1ms) Second subframe
(1ms)
12 subcarriers
Frequency

Time
Control region –
Control region - 3 OFDM symbols
1 OFDM symbol
Indicated by
PCFICH
Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 36
 DL Transmission
1. DL Reference signals

2. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)

(CQI based on DL reference signals measurements)

3. PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

(How many symbols (1,2,3) in the beginning of
the sub-frame are for PDCCH)

4. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel

(Downlink assignment for PDSCH:
Modulation & coding, resource blocks)

5. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel UE

eNodeB (user data -> initial transmission)

6. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)

(ACK/ NACK for HARQ)

7. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

(user data → eventual re-transmission)

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 37

 PDCCH Design

Several PDCCHs could be transmitted in one subframe

 One PDCCH contains DCI = DL control information
 DCI could indicate:
• Uplink scheduling grants for PUSCH
• Downlink scheduling assignments for PDSCH
• TPC command for PUSCH and PUCCH

• The DCI may have different size (depending on the information e.g.
scheduling or power control command → different formats possible)

• The number of bits for one PDCCH may change based on channel
conditions:
 UE at cell edge → more bits per PDCCH
 UE close to BTS → less bits per PDCCH

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 38

 Size of the PDCCH Region
Subframe 0 Subframe 1 Subframe 2Subframe 3Subframe 4Subframe 5 Subframe 6 ……

Frequency

PDCCH region
→ 1,2,3 OFDM symbols
in the beginning
of the subframe

→ not allocated by
PCFICH, PHICH

Slot No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Time
Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 39
 PDCCH Size
Allocation for UE 1
PCFICH

PHICH

PDCCH

UE 1

Allocation for UE 2
Frequency

Time
UE 2
REG = Resource Elements Groups
RE = Resource Elements

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 40

PDSCH – Physical Downlink Shared Channel

› Contain the actual user data from DL-SCH

PDS
CH
› Use the available Resource Elements
UE
eNodeB

› Allocation is signalled by PDCCH

Also used for:

› SIBs (System Information Block) of the system information

› Paging
› PDCCH acting like a Paging Indicator Channel in UMTS

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 41

 Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Subframe 0 Subframe 1 Subframe 2 Subframe 3 Subframe 4 …..

Frequency
SSS

PSS

PBCH

PCFICH

PHICH

PDCCH

Reference signals

PDSCH UE1

Slot No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PDSCH UE2
Time
Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 42
 UL Transmission
1. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)
(UL scheduling request)
2. UL Sounding Reference Signal
(used by Node-B for channel dependent scheduling)

3. UL Demodulation Signal
(UL channel estimation, demodulation,
→ Like DPCCH in UMTS)
4. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
(UL grant – capacity allocation)
5. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel UE

eNodeB (user data → initial transmission)

6. PHlCH Physical HARQ Indicator Channel
(ACK/ NACK for HARQ)

7. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

(user data → eventual re-transmission)

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 45

 PUCCH and PUSCH Multiplexing

PUCCH
Bandwith
Total UL

PUSCH
Frequency

12 subcarriers

PUCCH

1 subframe = 1ms PUCCH contains UCI = UL Control Information

UCI could indicate:
• Scheduling requests
Time • HARQ ACK/NACK for DL transmission
• CQI = Channel Quality Indicator

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 46

 PUCCH Formats

PUCCH Modulation scheme Number of bits per Type of information

format subframe
1 N/A N/A Scheduling Request
(SR)
1a BPSK 1 ACK/ NACK
1b QPSK 2 ACK/ NACK
2 QPSK 20 CQI
2a QPSK+BPSK 21 CQI + 1 bit ACK/ NACK
2b QPSK+BPSK 22 CQI + 2 bits ACK/
NACK

PUC
(
CH
SR,
A
CQI)CK,
UE
eNodeB

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 48

 Uplink Reference Signals

• Associated with
Demodulatio transmission of uplink data
on PUSCH or PUCCH
n Reference • Used for channel
Signals estimation for coherent
detection and
demodulation (both
PUCCH and PUSCH)
• U
E

• Not associated with UL data • eNode

Sounding transmissions B
Reference • Used for estimation of the
UL channel quality to enable
Signals the channel dependent
scheduling

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 49

 Design of Demodulation Reference Signals DRS

Position of DRS

Time domain:
For PUCCH: the number and the exact position of the DRS is dependent on the format (1/1a/1b
or 2/2a/2b) used
For PUSCH: every 4th symbol in every time
slot (the 3rd symbol for the extended cyclic
prefix)

Frequency domain:
DRS has the same bandwidth like
the UL transmission of the terminal
eso urce
R k
Bloc

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 50

 Uplink DRS Multiplexed with PUCCH

PUCCH
Total UL Bandwith

PUSCH
Frequency

12 subcarriers

PUCCH

1 subframe = 1ms

Time

ACK ACK DRS DRS DRS ACK ACK ACK ACK DRS DRS DRS ACK ACK

CQI DRS CQI CQI CQI DRS CQI CQI DRS CQI CQI CQI DRS CQI

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

ACK = Acknowledgment Simbol number (normal CP)

CQI = Channel Quality Indicator
DRS = Demodulation Reference Signals

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 51

 Sounding Reference Signals SRS

The SRS can be used for:

› initial Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) selection

› initial power control for data transmissions

› timing advance

› Frequency dependent scheduling for the UL

S RS

UE
eNodeB

Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 52

 Sounding Reference Signals SRS
Subframe 0

Why Demodulation References Signals Slot 1 Slot 2

cannot be used instead of SRS?

› The demodulation reference signals are

only sent on the transmitted bandwidth! PUSCH DM RS

› We need an estimation of the whole

spectrum so the SRS may cover a

36 Subcarriers
different, often larger, frequency span
than for example PUSCH (if they are
transmitted together).

› The SRS is not necessarily transmitted

together with any physical channel

SRS

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5
6
Normal CP
Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 53
 PHICH Structure
PHICH carries the HARQ ACK/NACK, which
indicates whether the eNodeB has correctly
received a transmission on the PUSCH PCFICH resource elements
HARQ Indicator 1
Reference symbols

PHICH resource elements

Repetition coding
1 1 1

Walsh + -1 + -1 + -1 + -1 + -1 + -1
spreading 1 1 1 1 1 1

D.C.
72 subcarriers
Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 54
Ericsson Internal | 2013-11-27 | Page 55