Lesson 2

Media and Information

Literacy Education
• Questions:
• 1. When was the last time you use the Internet? For what
purpose?
____________________________________________________
______________________________
• 2. Do you maintain a social network account like Facebook,
Instagram or Snapchat? For what purpose you are using your
account?
____________________________________________________
______________________________
• 3. How do feel about the reactions of other users to your
post?
____________________________________________________
____________
• Education about media used anchored to the
traditional media forms like television, radio and print
media. However, the advent of the Internet and the
rise of social media networks as well as multimedia
technology and cross-platform modalities, compelled
a paradigm shift in media education.

• In 2011, UNESCO (United Nations Educational,

Scientific and Cultural Organization) ratified a
curriculum for teachers so they can gain a more
expanded understanding of the role of media and
information technology. The curriculum was tagged as
Media and Information Literacy Education.
• UNESCO defines Media and Information
Literacy (MIL) as the “essential competencies
(knowledge, skills and attitude) that allow
citizens to engage with media and other
information providers effectively and develop
critical thinking and life-long learning skills for
socializing and becoming active citizens.
 Advantages

• If you become a media and information

literate person, you will possess some control
over the media and information messages that
we have initially described as powerful.
 These are the following advantages of Media and Information
Literacy

• 1. You have the ability to examine the content

of media and information messages closely
and see how their meanings are significant or
otherwise to your life as a person and to your
community as well.
• 2. You will gain an understanding of the
structures that govern the creation and
dissemination of media and information
messages.
• 3. You will also gain an understanding of how
political forces shape the creation and
dissemination of media and information
messages. You will make connections between
government regulations.
• 4. You will learn how to shift information, discern
what is both useful and useless to your lives.
• 5. You will value the word ethics and its
implications to the society. We get lost in the
flurry and frenzy of the media instruction in our
lives, especially now that social media enlists our
participation as netizens or digital citizens.
 CITIZENSHIP AND MIL (MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY)

• Responsible digital citizenship be defined as the set

of appropriate social norms and behaviour with
regard to the use of the use of the Internet.
Evaluating extent of responsible behaviour in the
Internet involves looking the several domains of
information technology behavior.
•
• Digitalcitizenship.net (2016) provides us with some
useful discussion on ideal situations and what else
needs to be done.
• 1. Digital Access - The ideal situation is all
have full electronic participation in society.
Responsible digital citizenship should advocate
for the increased access of all citizens to
information technologies.
• 2. Digital Communication - This involves the
electronic exchange of information through
various platforms and channels. Information
technology has hastened and facilitated
exchange of information.
• 3. Digital Commerce - This involves the sale and
purchase of goods and services using digital
platforms in the Internet and mobile phones.
• 4. Digital Etiquette - This is about the
commonly regarded as appropriate and
respectful behavior when using information
technologies. It covers the proper use of language,
especially in an environment that relies much on the
written word, as well as invoking the virtue of
empathy which is the ability to the feelings of others
as we would like our feelings to be considerate.
• 5. Digital Law - This covers the legal environment that
informs and guides the ethical and productive use of the
technology, defined as abiding with the laws of society.
In the Philippines, we can refer to the Magna Carta for
Internet Freedom which is a crowd-sourced document.
• 6. Digital Wellness - The covers the protection of users
from what could be potentially deleterious to their
physical, physiological and even psychological well-
being.
• 7. Digital Security - This area covers the entire safety
precautions that information technologies invoke –
from virus protection to data protection.
The Magna Carta for Philippines Internet Freedom

• The Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom

(MCPIF) was filed as House Bill No. 1086 by
Congresswoman Kimi Cojuangco and as Senate Bill
No. 53 by Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago. It must
be moted that it is a crowd sourced document,
drawing much from the inputs of Internet users who
actively participated in the lobby against the repeal
of Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, otherwise
known as Republic Act 10175.
• Here is our guide to some of the key elements of the
bill:
Free Expression
• Section 4 ( c ) : Limits State use of prior
restraint or subsequent punishment in relation
to Internet-related rights only upon a judicial
order conforming with provisions laid out in
Section 5, and only under certain
circumstances.
• Section 4 ( d ) : Protects persons from being
forced to remove content beyond their mean
or control, specifically addressing mirrored and
archived content.
Section 53: Explicit on how it puts limits to speech, citing how it can be
inimical to public interest:

• Internet libel: defined as “public and malicious

expression tending to cause the dishonour,
discredit or contempt of natural or judicial
person or to blacken the memory of one who
is dead, made on the Internet or on public
networks”;
Universal Access
• Section 5 (b): Allows for the suspension of an
individual’s Internet access if she/he has been
conviction of crime.

• Section 5 (e) : Prevents persons or entitles offering

Internet access for free or for a fee from restricting
access to the Internet or limiting content that may be
accessed by guests, employees or others,” without a
reasonable ground related to the protection of the
person or entity from actual or legal threats, the privacy
of others who may be accessing the network, or the
privacy and security of the network as provided for in
the Data Privacy Act of 2012 (RA 10173) or this Act,”
Innovation
• Section 7 : Addresses the right to innovation, allowing for
State protection and promotion of innovation and prohibiting
persons from restricting or denying “the right to develop new
information and communication technologies, without due
process of law..”

• Section 7 (b) : With certain exceptions provided for in the

Intellectual Property Code, Section 7 (b) states that “ no
person shall be denied access to new information and
communications technologies, nor shall any new information
and communications technologies be blocked, censored,
suppressed or otherwise restricted, without due process of
law or authority vested by law.” Innovators are also protected
from liability for the actions of users.
Right of Privacy
• Section 8: Provides for State promotion of the protection
of the privacy of data, the Section (b) providing the right
of users to employ encryption or cryptography “ protect
the privacy of the data or networks which such person
owns or otherwise possesses real right over,”

• Section 8 (d) : guarantees a person’s right of privacy over

his or her data or network rights, while 8 ( e) requires
the State to maintain “ appropriate level of privacy of
the data and the networks maintained by it.”
• Section 9 refers to the protection of the security of
the data and 9 (b) guarantees the right of the
persons to employ means “whether physical,
electronic or behavioural” to protect the security
of his or her data or networks.

• Section 9 ( c) and (d) refer to the rights of third

parties over private data, requiring a court order
issued in accordance with Section 5 of the Act to
grant access, and preventing third parties from
being given property rights to the data accessed.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

• Section 10: Protects intellectual property online in

accordance with the existing Intellectual Property
Code of the Philippines (RA 8293). 10 ( c ) prevents
Internet service providers and telecommunications
entities from gaining intellectual property rights over
derivative content that is the result of “
creation,invention, innovation or modified by a
person using the service provided by the Internet
service provider, telecommunications entity, or such
person providing Internet or data services,”
• Section 39: Addresses fair use, declaring that “ the
viewing, use, editing, decompiling or modification
of downloaded or otherwise offline content on
any computer, device or equipment's shall be
considered fair use “ with certain provisions.
•
• Section 48: Deals with intellectual property
infringement, with 48b(a) (ii) notably defining the
“ non-attribution or plagiarism of copyleft
content” as defined in section 38 as Infringement.
• Hate speech: defined “ public and malicious
expression calling for commission of illegal
acts on an entire class of persons, a
reasonably broad section thereof, or a person
belonging to such a class, based on gender,
sexual orientation, religious belief or
affiliation, political belief or on the Internet or
on public networks” and
• Child Pornography
Other Areas
• Section 13: Promotes the use of the Internet and all
forms of information and communications technology
for governance, particularly in promoting transparency
and freedom of information.
• Section 13 ( a ) : Singularly cites the provisions of the
Data Privacy Act of 2012 (RA 10173) and applicable
laws on government information classification, that
should provide for and maintain a system that shall
allow the public to view and download public
information on plans , policies, programs, documents
and records of government.
• In addition to the section detailed above, the Act
covers a range of other issue areas, including hacking,
cybercrime and human trafficking. The Act also
creates an Office of Cybercrime within the
Department of Justice to be designated as the central
authority in enforcement of the Act. Notably, special
courts in which judges are required to have specific
expertise in computer science or IT are designated to
hear and resolve all cases brought under the Act.
 LESSON 3
The Evolution of Traditional to New Media
• Communication began as drawing on walls of caves,
carving on barks of trees and later on, papyrus and
parchment. Each of these illustrated man’s capacity and
desire to interact, link up and build connections.
Communal gatherings were means by which they reached
out to each other as a collective and they spoke to one
another using song, dance and prayer.
• As population increased, people became more dispersed
and settlements were built, mostly in areas where they
can find food. These development altered how people
communicated with one another, how people passed on
information across diverse and dispersed group of people.
Institutions emerged and became sites whereby
knowledge is communicated and conducts whereby
communication is transmitted.
 Evolution of Media
• Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700s) - People discovered fire,
developed paper from plants, and forged
• weapons and tools with stone, bronze, copper and iron.
• Examples:
• • Cave paintings (35,000 BC)
• • Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC)
• • Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC)
• • Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC)
• • Dibao in China (2nd Century) • Codex in the Mayan region (5th
Century)
• • Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD)
• Industrial Age (1700s-1930s) - People used the power of steam,
developed machine tools, established iron production, and the
manufacturing of various products (including books through the printing
press).
• Examples:
• • Printing press for mass production (19th
• century)
• • Newspaper- The London Gazette (1640)
• • Typewriter (1800)Telephone (1876)
• • Motion picture photography/projection
• (1890)
• • Commercial motion pictures (1913)
• • Motion picture with sound (1926)
• • Telegraph
• • Punch cards
• Electronic Age (1930s-1980s) - The invention of the
transistor ushered in the electronic age. People harnessed
the power of transistors that led to the transistor radio,
electronic circuits, and the early computers. In this age, long
distance communication became more efficient.
• Examples:
• • Transistor Radio
• • Television (1941)
• • Large electronic computers- i.e. EDSAC (1949) and UNIVAC
1 (1951)
• • Mainframe computers - i.e. IBM 704 (1960)
• • Personal computers - i.e. Hewlett-
• Packard 9100A (1968), Apple 1 (1976)
• • OHP, LCD projectors
• Information Age (1900s-2000s) - The Internet paved
the way for faster communication and the creation of
the social network. People advanced the use of
microelectronics with the invention of personal
computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology.
Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are
digitalized. We are now living in the information age.
• Examples:
• • Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet
• Explorer (1995)
• • Blogs: Blogspot (1999), LiveJournal
• (1999), Wordpress (2003)
• • Social networks: Friendster (2002),
• Multiply (2003), Facebook (2004)
• • Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007)
• • Video: YouTube (2005)
• • Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality
• • Video chat: Skype (2003), Google
• Hangouts (2013)
• • Search Engines: Google (1996), Yahoo (1995)
• • Portable computers- laptops (1980), netbooks (2008),
tablets (1993)
• • Smart phones
• • Wearable technology
• • Cloud and Big Data