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The document provides information about microscopes, preparing microscope slides, calculating magnification, and plant cell specialization. It discusses two types of microscopes - light microscopes and electron microscopes. It explains how to calculate total magnification and provides a worked example. It also describes specialized plant cells like root hair cells, guard cells, xylem and phloem cells and their structures and functions. Active transport in root hair cells is defined as the movement of molecules against a concentration gradient using carrier proteins and energy.

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Pierre Brocas
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41 views17 pages

B1 Revision

The document provides information about microscopes, preparing microscope slides, calculating magnification, and plant cell specialization. It discusses two types of microscopes - light microscopes and electron microscopes. It explains how to calculate total magnification and provides a worked example. It also describes specialized plant cells like root hair cells, guard cells, xylem and phloem cells and their structures and functions. Active transport in root hair cells is defined as the movement of molecules against a concentration gradient using carrier proteins and energy.

Uploaded by

Pierre Brocas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‘Do Now’ Task

B1 Revision
1 2
Ribosomes
3
1. Which is an
animal and 4
which is a
plant cell? 5
2. Write the
names of the 6
8
organelles 3-
7
10

10
9
Microscopes
We have 2 types of microscope that you need to know
about:
• Light microscope
• Electron microscope
Light Microscope

Key aspects of Light Microscopes


• Uses light
• Cheap to buy
• Sample can be living or dead
• Low resolution
• Small and portable
Electron Microscope

Key aspects of Electron Microscopes:


• Uses electron beams fired at the specimen
• Sample must be dead
• Expensive to buy and operate
• Very large and static
• Very high magnification and resolution
Preparing a Microscope Slide
Preparing a Microscope Slide

Pipette 2-3 drops


of iodine onto the
surface of the
onion skin
To know how to use a microscope.
How to work out the
magnification

magnification of magnification of
Total magnification = X
eye piece lens objective lens
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes are any animal or plant
organisms and they are generally
complex.
In these cells they have genetic material
organised in chromosomes within the
nucleus
THIS IS A KEY DIFFERENCE.
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are much smaller
organisms that don’t have a nucleus
within their structure.
Instead, their DNA is a single
stranded loop called a plasmid.
All bacteria are said to be prokaryotic
because they lack a nucleus.
(LO2) Calculating Magnification

Image Size = Actual size x Magnification


(LO2) Worked Example
How can we calculate the magnification of this human cheek cell

The image size is 300 mm and the actual size is 750 µm

Need to be in the same units – so convert…. 1000µm in 1mm


750 µm / 1000 = 0.75 mm

(image) 300 / (actual) 0.75 = 400

Magnification = x400
Specialisation in Plants

Plants have specific cells that are


adapted to perform specific roles.
ADAPTATION OF THE
STRUCTURE FUNCTION Stops water loss via
STRUCTURE Waxy cuticle evaporation

Upper epidermis Produces wax.


Transparent to let light
to palisade layer

Palisade layer Location of


Something is behind this space…..I photosynthesis
wonder what it is?!!!! Packed with chloroplasts
for photosynthesis
Phloe
m
?
xylem

Spongy layer Allow gases to


exchange
Lots of air spaces to allow
diffusion
Lower Epidermis

Control the opening Guard Cells Stomata Allows gases to get in and
of the stomata out of the leaf
Xylem and phloem
Plants need a transport system to move food, water and minerals around.
They use two different systems –
Xylem
Phloem

Xylem vessels are involved in the movement of water through a plant from its roots to its
leaves. Water:
• Is absorbed from the soil through root hair cells
• Is transported through the xylem vessels up the stem to the leaves
• Evaporates from the leaves
Phloem
Phloem vessels are involved in translocation.
• This is the movement of food substances from the stems to growing tissues and storage
tissues.
Root Hair Cell
Find these close to the tips of the growing roots.
Plants need to absorb water and minerals and they have
certain adaptations to allow for the greatest amount of
absorption.
• Large surface area to absorb lots of water and nutrients
• Thin cell wall to allow water to pass through easily
• Many mitochondria to transfer energy for mineral
movement.
They utilise the processes of osmosis and active transport
in order to achieve this.
Active Transport Definition

• The movement of molecules


• From an area of low concentration
• To an area of higher concentration
• Across a partially permeable
membrane
• Using carrier proteins and energy.
Active Transport
•The concentration of a substance is
higher inside the cell than outside

•Molecules need to be taken into the


cell against the concentration
gradient

•A carrier protein is used to transport


molecules across the cell membrane

•Energy is required to make the


carrier protein work.

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