1.

Cell structure questions

How do we calculate the total
1 magnification of a microscope? Eyepiece lens x Objective lens magnifying power
State the equation that links magnification,
2 image size and actual size. Image Size = Actual Size x Magnification
The ability to distinguish between two separate points that
3 Define 'resolution'. are very close together
Which type of microscope has higher
magnification and resolving power - Light
4 or electron? Electron microscopes
Why does the tissue sample need to be
stained before looking at it under the
5 microscope? To visualise/see structures clearly
Which objective lens should we start
6 using? Low power objective lens
Which focus knob should be used during
7 low and medium power magnification? Coarse focus knob
Which focus knob should be used during
8 high power magnification? Fine focus knob
Why must we not use the coarse focus It moves the stage by too much, may break the lens and
9 knob during high power magnification? the slide
To allow us to calculate the actual size of the sample
10 What is the function of a scale bar? using I=AM
Controls all activities of the cell, contains genetic
11 State the function of the nucleus. information
12 State the function of the cytoplasm. Site for chemical reactions to take place

13 State the function of the cell membrane. Controls what substances go in and out of the cell

14 State the function of the mitochondria. Site of aerobic respiration, releasing energy
15 State the function of the ribosomes. Site of protein synthesis
16 State the function of the cell wall. Strengthens the cell, provide support

17 State the function of the chloroplasts. Contain chlorophyll, absorb light to do photosynthesis
State the function of the permanent
18 vacuole. Contains cell sap to keep plant cells rigid, provide support
State three differences between animal Plant cells have chloroplasts, permanent vacuole and
19 and plant cells. cellulose cell wall. Animal cells do not
What substance makes up plants' cell
20 walls? Cellulose
21 Convert 5mm to µm. 5000µm
State a key difference between
22 prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus. Eukaryotes do.
23 State one organism that is prokaryotic. Bacteria
Prokaryotes have a cell wall. True or
24 false? TRUE
Some bacteria have an extra layer on top
of their cell walls. What is the name of that
25 layer? Slime capsule
Where does the genetic material of a
26 prokaryotic cell exist? Cytoplasm
What is a difference between prokaryotic
27 and eukaryotic DNA? Prokaryotic DNA is circular; Eukaryotic DNA is linear
What is the name of extra small DNA rings
28 found in some prokaryotes? Plasmid
29 What is the function of flagella? To allow the cell to swim and move around
State a difference between animal cells A: No cell wall and plasmid, linear DNA; B: Cell wall and
30 and bacteria. plasmid, circular DNA
 1. Cell structure questions
State a similarity between plant cells and
31 bacterial cells. Both have cell walls (but different material)

32 What is the function of the slime capsule? Protect the cell

33 Explain the use of a tail in sperm cells. To swim and move around (to reach the egg)
Why do sperm cells have lots of
34 mitochondria? To provide lots of energy for swimming
What is the structure of a sperm cell that
contains digestive enzymes to break down the
35 surface of an egg cell? Acrosome

36 Describe the adaptations of a nerve cell. Lots of dendrites; Long axon

37 What is the function of a nerve cell? Carry electrical impulses

How does having a long axon help neurones
38 with their function? Carry electrical impulses over long distances
Describe how a muscle cell is adapted for its Special proteins for contraction; Many mitochondria for energy;
39 function. Store glycogen to release glucose for respiration
Root hair cells have lots of mitochondria to
40 release energy. What is the energy used for? Active transport of mineral ions into root hair cells
How do the extensions in root hair cells help
41 with their function? Increase surface area for efficient water absorption
What is another name for photosynthetic cells
42 in plants? Palisade mesophyll cells
How are photosynthetic cells adapted for
43 photosynthesis? Lots of chloroplasts with chlorophyll to absorb light
Which specialised cell in plants make up the
44 tissue for transporting water? Xylem cells
Name the substance found in xylem cells that
allows the cells to withstand high water
45 pressure. Lignin
State a difference in structure between xylem X: dead, hollow tube, has lignin; P: living, has sieve plates, no
46 and phloem. lignin

47 Name the cell that keeps phloem alive. Companion cells

Net movement of particles from an area of high to low
48 Define 'diffusion'. concentration (down concentration gradient)
Overall movement: particles can move in any direction, but
generally speaking, most of the particles are moving in one
49 What does it mean by 'net movement'? particular direction, hence 'net' movement
State three factors that affect the rate of Concentration gradient, temperature, surface area, diffusion
50 diffusion. distance

How does concentration difference affect the Higher conc difference/Steeper conc gradient --> faster
51 rate of diffusion? diffusion
Explain why a higher temperature results in
52 faster diffusion. More kinetic energy, particles move around more
Name a substance that diffuses into our cells
53 for use. Oxygen, glucose
Name a substance that diffuses out of our
54 cells to be removed. Carbon dioxide, urea
 1. Cell structure questions
Name a substance that diffuses out of our cells
54 to be removed. Carbon dioxide, urea
Name a structure in the body that is adapted to
55 increase diffusion rate. Alveoli, villi
Net movement of water molecules down the water concentration
56 Define 'osmosis'. gradient through a partially permeable membrane
57 Define 'dilute'. A solution with a high water conc, but low solute conc
58 Define 'concentrated'. A solution with a low water conc, but high solute conc
Membranes that only allow some types of substances to pass
59 What are partially permeable membranes? through
60 What is an isotonic solution? A solution with the same solute conc as the cell
61 What is a hypertonic solution? A solution with a higher solute conc than the cell
62 What is a hypotonic solution? A solution with a lower solute conc than the cell
If a cell is in a hypertonic solution, water will
63 ___ (enter/leave) the cell. Leave
If a cell is in a hypotonic solution, water will ___
64 (enter/leave) the cell. Enter
What will happen to an animal cell if it is in a
65 hypertonic solution? Water leaves cell --> shrivelled
What will happen to an animal cell if it is in a
66 hypotonic solution? Water enters cell --> burst
Why do animal cells burst in hypotonic
67 solutions? No cell wall
What will happen to a plant cell if it is in a
68 hypertonic solution? Water leaves cell --> plasmolysed
What will happen to a plant cell if it is in an
69 isotonic solution? No net water movement --> flaccid
What will happen to a plant cell if it is in a
70 hypotonic solution? Water enters cell --> turgid
71 What does 'plasmolysed' mean? The cell membrane becomes detached from cell wall
Why does the potato skin needs to be removed
before putting the potato cylinders into the
72 solutions? Skin is impermeable

73 How do we calculate the % change in mass? (final mass - initial mass)/initial mass x 100
Movement of particles against the concentration gradient (low to
74 Define 'active transport'. high) using energy in the form of ATP

Explain the importance of active transport in Root hair cells carry out AT to absorb mineral ions effectively in
75 plants. dilute soil
Explain the importance of active transport in Cells in gut lining does AT to absorb glucose effectively from the
76 animals. bloodstream
State one adaptations cells may have if they
77 need to carry out active transport. Lots of mitochondria for respiration for energy
How does active transport differ from diffusion
78 and osmosis? AT uses energy, D and O do not
State two differences between diffusion and D: Any particles, does not need a membrane; O: Water specific,
79 osmosis. needs partially permeable membrane
State the relationship between size and surface
80 area to volume ratio. The bigger the size, the smaller the SA:V
Describe three adaptations of exchange Large SA, thin membrane/surface, ability to maintain high conc
81 surfaces. difference
How are alveoli adapted for efficient gaseous Large SA, thin membrane (short diffusion distance), rich blood
82 exchange? supply (maintain steep conc gradient)
How are plant roots adapted for efficient water
83 and mineral absorbtion? Large SA (root hairs), transpiration stream
How does stomata help maintain efficient gas Allow gases to move in and out of leaf, maintaining steep
84 exchange in leaves? concentration gradient
 2. Cell Division questions
A short section of DNA that codes for a protein/controls a
85 What is a gene? characteristic

86 What are chromosomes? Structures in the nucleus that carry genes

How many chromosomes are in one human
87 body cell? 46
Chromosomes are arranged in ___ pairs in a
88 human body cell. 23
How many percent of your chromosomes
89 have you inherited from your father? 50%
Cell content (including DNA) is replicated, mitosis occurs to
90 Briefly describe the cell cycle. make two genetically identical cells
Cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter
91 Define 'mitosis'. cells
Which type of reproduction is based only on
92 mitosis? Asexual

93 State three key importances of mitosis. Growth, repair, asexual reproduction

Briefly describe the first stage in the cell
94 cycle. Cell size increase, DNA and organelle replication
Briefly describe the second stage (mitosis) in Nucleus divides - One set of chromosomes is pulled to each
95 the cell cycle. end of the dividing cell
Briefly describe the third stage in the cell
96 cycle. Cytoplasm and cell membrane divides into two daughter cells
What has to happen to the cell before mitosis
to ensure we can two genetically identical
97 daughter cells? DNA and organelles must replicate before division
The process where a cell becomes specialised/adapted to
98 Define 'differentiation'. perform specific functions

99 Define 'stem cell'. Undifferentiated cell with the potential to become specialised

100 Define 'adult stem cells'. Stem cells that can only differentiate into a specific type of cell
Where does differentiation of stem cells occur
101 in humans? Bone marrow

102 Where does differentiation occur in plants? Meristem/Root tip/Shoot tip

Production of identical offspring by asexual
103 Define 'cloning'. reproduction/mitosis
By which cell division type does cloning
104 occur? Mitosis
The single new cell formed right after fusion of gametes(sperm
105 Define 'zygote'. and egg)

106 Define 'embryo'. A ball of cells made from mitosis of zygote

Stem cells from an early embryo that can differentiate into all
107 Define 'embryonic stem cells'. cell types
Where do you get adult stem cells in
108 animals? Bone marrow
Suggest two diseases that may be treated
109 with stem cell treatment. Paralysis, diabetes, blindness
Briefly describe how we can use stem cells to Induce embryonic stem cells to produce healthy pancreas
110 treat someone with type 1 diabetes. cells to make enough insulin

111 Where do you get stem cells in plants? Meristem/Root tip/Shoot tip
Why is the ability to clone plants quickly a Produce large numbers of rare plants reliably and safely to
112 benefit? stop their extinction and for research, agriculture advances
State one medical/scientific benefit of
113 therapeutic cloning. No rejection problem
State one risk or concern people may have Unethical to use aborted embryos; difficult and expensive
114 about using stem cells. project; cancer concern; viral infection/transmission
 3. Organisation questions
A group of cells with similar structure working together
115 Define 'tissue'. for a specific function
116 Define 'organ'. A group of tissues working together for specific functions
Reorder the following in increasing size
order: Organ, cell, tissue, organ system,
117 organism Cell < Tissue < Organ < Organ system < Organism

118 State the function of the salivary glands. Produce digestive enzymes (eg. Amylase)
Name the tube that carries food from the
119 mouth to the stomach. Oesophagus/Gullet
120 State the function of the stomach. Releases digestive enzymes to digest food
State the function of the liver in the
121 digestive system. Produces bile for lipid digestion

122 State the function of the small intestine. Digest food and absorb nutrients from digested food

123 State the function of the large intestine. Absorb water from digested food

124 State the the function of the pancreas. Produces/Releases digestive enzymes

125 State the function of the gall bladder. Store bile before release into small intestine

126 What are carbohydrates made up of? Simple sugars

127 State the chemical formula of glucose. C6 H12 O6

Name a complex carbohydrate that is
128 made up of glucose. Starch/Cellulose/Glycogen
State the importance of having Energy source - Break down glucose in respiration to
129 carbohydrates in our diet. release energy for metabolic reactions

130 What elements make up carbohydrates? C, H, O

131 What are lipids made up of? 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
State the importance of having lipids in Energy store/Make up cell membranes/Steroid
132 our diet. hormones
133 What elements make up lipids? C, H, O
134 What are proteins made up of? Amino acids
State the importance of having proteins in
135 our diet. Structural components/Hormones/Antibodies/Enzymes
136 What elements make up proteins? C, H, O, N

137 Name the reagent used to test for starch. Iodine

138 What is a positive result for starch test? Starch turns iodine from brown-red to blue-black

139 Name the reagent used to test for sugars. Benedict's solution
Benedict's solution turn from clear blue to brick-red
140 What is the positive result for sugars? (precipitate)
What is the reagent used to test for
141 proteins? Biuret solution

142 What is the positive result for proteins? Biuret turns from blue to purple
What is the reagent used to test for
143 lipids? Ethanol (+water)
144 What is the positive test for lipids? White milky layer
145 State a risk of doing food tests. Ethanol is flammable/Biuret is corrosive
 3. Organisation questions
A substance that speeds up chemical reactions but don't
146 Define 'catalyst'. get used up
147 Define 'enzyme'. Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
What kind of molecule are enzymes -
148 carbohdyrates, lipids or proteins? Proteins
149 Define 'active site'. The site on an enzyme where the substrate binds
Any substance can fit into the active site of
150 an enzyme. True or false? FALSE
Substrate fits into the active site to form enzyme-substrate
complex --> Reaction occurs --> Enzyme releases
151 Briefly describe the lock- and-key model. products and binds to another substrate
152 Define 'metabolism'. Sum of all reactions in a cell/body
153 Define 'denaturation'. Loss of active site

How does temperature affect enzymes'

154 rate of reaction? As temp increases, RoR increases until after optimum

Why do enzymes stop working past their

155 optimum temperature? Denatured (substrate can no longer bind to active site)

Why do enzymes not work well at lower

156 temperatures? Inactive (not enough KE to collide and bind to active site)

How does a change in pH affect enzyme pH change affects forces holding enzyme structure
157 structure? together, causing it to denature

Breakdown of large insoluble molecules into smaller

158 Define ' digestion'. soluble substances

Name the type of enzyme that digests

159 carbohydrates. Carbohydrases

160 Name the enzyme that digests starch. Amylase

Name the product of the breakdown of

161 starch. Simple sugars

Name the type of enzyme that digests

162 proteins. Proteases

Name the protease that works well in the

163 stomach. Pepsin

Name the product of the breakdown of

164 proteins. Amino acids
Name the type of enzyme that digests
165 lipids. Lipases

Name the products of the breakdown of

166 lipids. Glycerol and fatty acids
167 Which organs produce amylase? Salivary glands and pancreas

168 Which organs produce proteases? Stomach, pancreas, small intestine

169 Which organs produce lipases? Pancreas and small intestine

170 Where does starch digestion occur? Mouth + Small intestine

171 Where does protein digestion occur? Stomach + Small intestine

172 Where does lipid digestion occur? Small intestine
 3. Organisation questions
How are the nutrients carried away from the
173 gut? Absorbed into bloodstream through small intestine
State an observation to determine when the
amylase has completed its digestion of
174 starch. Iodine remains brown-red rather than turning blue-black
State a reason for setting the amylase
To ensure all of the same temp, so that temp will not affect the
solution, starch solution and the buffer in the
results (fair test)
175 water bath before the experiment.

How does the hydrochloric acid in the

176 stomach help with digestion? Provides optimum pH for pepsin to digest proteins
Apart from digestion, what is another function
of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
177 Kill pathogens in food
How is the stomach adapted to protect itself
178 from the hydrochloric acid? Thick mucus layer/quick renewal of epithelial layer
179 State the two functions of bile. Emulsifies fats + Neutralises food from stomach (HCl)
Physically breaking down large oil drops into smaller droplets,
increasing surface area for lipases to work on
180 What is emulsification?
181 Bile is an enzyme. True or false? FALSE

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach breaks FALSE - provides optimum pH for pepsin and kills bacteria,
182 down food. True or false? NOT digest food
Small intestine does not have protective mucus layer +
State the importance of the neutralising role
Enzymes will denature in small intestine
183 bile has.
 4. Plant and Animal Organisation questions
Yellow liquid that carries blood cells, proteins and dissolved
184 What is plasma in the blood? substances around the body
185 What are red blood cells? Biconcave cells that have haemoglobin - carry oxygen

Name the pigment found in red blood cells

186 that binds to oxygen. Haemoglobin
Which organ system transports substances to
187 and from body cells? Circulatory system

188 State the functions of white blood cells. Engult pathogens, produce antibodies and antitoxins

How does being biconcave help red blood

189 cells with their function? Increase SA:V for efficient diffusion

How is not having a nucleus good for red

190 blood cells? More space to pack more haemoglobin
191 State the function of platelets. Blood clotting
Name the blood vessel type that carries blood
from the heart to other parts of the body.
192 Artery
Name the blood vessel type that carries blood
from the organs back to the heart.
193 Vein
Name the blood vessel type that is found
within organs that link arteries and veins.
194 Capillaries
A: thicker walls, more elastic tissue, no valves; V: thinner
State a structural difference between arteries
walls, less elastic tissues, have valves
195 and veins.
A: oxygenated, more nutrients, less wastes; V: deoxygenated,
State a difference in the blood flowing in
less nutrients, more wastes
196 arteries and veins.

The flow of blood in veins relies on

197 ……………… Skeletal muscle contraction
Why can substances diffuse easily between
198 capillaries and the cells? Thin capillary walls (one cell thick)
 4. Plant and Animal Organisation questions
One part carries blood between heart and lungs; the other
carries blood between heart and other organs
199 What is the double circulatory system?

Name the vessels that supply oxygen to the

200 heart muscles. Coronary arteries
Name the large vessel that brings
201 deoxygenated blood back into the heart. Vena cava

202 Name the upper chambers of the heart. Atria

203 Name the lower chambers of the heart. Ventricles

Name the vessel that brings deoxygenated
blood from the heart to the lungs.
204 Pulmonary artery
Name the vessel that brings oxygenated
205 blood from the lungs to the heart. Pulmonary vein

Which side of the heart has deoxygenated

206 blood - right or left? Right

Describe the flow of blood as atria of the

207 heart contract. Blood flows from atria down to ventricles
Name the large vessel that brings oxygenated
blood out of the heart to the body.
208 Aorta
Why is the muscle wall of the left ventricle To generate more pressure to force blood all over the body
209 thicker than the right ventricle? (left side only to lungs)

210 What is the function of heart valves? Prevent backflow of blood

Name a method to unblock a coronary artery

211 in the heart. Stent

Name a drug that reduces blood cholesterol

212 levels. Statins

What can be used to replace a damaged

213 heart valve? Biological or mechanical valves

A group of cells in the right atrium that controls the resting

214 What is a natural pacemaker? heart rate
Sends strong, regular electrical signals to the heart to
Briefly describe how an artificial pacemaker stimulate it to contract properly
215 works.
How are artificial hearts used to treat patients
216 with a damaged heart? A temporary treatment while waiting for heart transplant
Outline the flow of air from the atmosphere
into our lungs, starting from the nasal cavity.
217 Nasal cavity --> trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles --> alveoli
What two structures change the pressure
inside the chest cavity to ventilate lungs?
218 Intercostal muscles + Diaphragm

Describe the state of the diaphragm as we

219 breathe in. Contracts and flattens

Describe the state of the diaphragm as we

220 breathe out. Relaxes and return to dome shape
221 State the function of the ribcage. Protect the heart and lungs
Lots of alveoli to increase surface area; Rich blood
State one adaptation of the lungs for efficient supply/Extensive capillary network; Thin walls (one cell thick)
222 gas exchange.

Why is it important for the lungs to have a rich

223 blood supply? Maintain steep concentration gradient for efficient diffusion
 4. Plant and Animal Organisation questions

Name the tissue that covers and protects

224 the surface of plants. Epidermal tissue

Name the part of the plant that

225 waterproofs the leaf surface. Waxy cuticle

Name the cell that contains lots of

226 chloroplasts for photosynthesis. Palisade mesophyll cells

Briefly explain an adaptation of spongy Big air spaces and large surface area for efficient gas
227 mesophyll tissue in plants. diffusion

Briefly describe the arrangement of xylem

and phloem in the stem of a plant. Organised in bundles, with xylem on the inside and
228 phloem on the outside

Transports water and mineral ions from roots to other

229 State the function of xylem. parts of the plants

Name the process of the transport of

230 dissoved sugars in plants. Translocation

Transports dissolved sugars from leaves to the rest of

231 State the function of phloem. the plant
Which part of the plant allows gases to
232 diffuse in and out of leaves? Stomata

What controls the opening and closing of

233 stomata? Guard cells
Loss of water vapour by evaporation from the leaf
234 Define 'transpiration'. surface through stomata

Constant movement of water through xylem from roots to

235 Briefly describe the transpiration stream. leaves
Increasing the rate of photosynthesis will
……………(increase/decrease) the rate
236 of transpiration. Increase

How does temperature affect rate of

237 transpiration? Higher temp increases rate

How does humidity affect rate of

238 transpiration? Higher humidity decreases rate

How does wind or air flow affect rate of More wind increases rate (as maintains steep conc
239 transpiration? gradient)

How does light intensity affect rate of

240 transpiration? More light increases rate

Name the equipment used to estimate

241 transpiration rate. Potometer
 5. Disease
Diseases caused by pathogens that can be transmitted
242 What are communicable diseases? from one individual to another

243 Define 'pathogens'. Microorganisms that cause diseases

244 Define 'health'. State of physical and mental well-being

Diet/Stress/life situations (eg.

245 Suggest three factors that affect health. Hygiene)/pathogens/immune system
246 State the four types of pathogens. Bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi
247 How do bacteria make you ill? Reproduce rapidly and damage cells + Produce toxins
248 How do viruses make you ill? Produce inside body cells, causing damage
249 How can pathogens be spread? By air/droplet infection, direct contact, water
250 Define 'binary fission'. Bacteria reproduction by mitosis

Liquid/gel with specific nutrients to support

251 What is a culture medium? microorganism growth

A solid gel culture medium used for growing

252 What is agar gel? microorganisms

How can uncontaminated cultures of

253 microorganisms be used? To investigate effects of disinfectants and antibiotics
What must be done to inoculating loops
before transferring microorganisms to
254 agar? Sterilise

Why can't the Petri dish be sealed when To allow oxygen in, preventing harmful anaerobic
255 growing microorganisms? bacteria from growing

Why must we not incubate cultures above

256 25oC? Prevent harmful bacteria growth
How long does it take bacteria to multiply
257 once in the right conditions? 20mins

Chemicals used to kill bacteria in the environment

258 What are disinfectants? around us
259 What are antiseptics? Disinfectants that are safe to use on human skin
260 What are antibiotics? Chemicals used to kill bacteria inside human body

Procedures in microbiology practicals to avoid

261 What are aseptic techniques? contamination
Flame any apparatus used to transfer bacteria using a
Bunsen burner; Wipe bench tops with
Give one aseptic technique when doing disinfectants/alcohol; Sterilise equipment in autoclave;
262 microbiology practical. Incubation at 25oC
An area on the nutrient agar plate where there is no
bacterial growth due to presence of
263 What is the zone of inhibition? antibiotics/disinfectants

State one method to prevent the spread Isolation; Maintain good hygiene; Destroy vectors;
264 of disease. Vaccination

Name a viral disease that leads to

265 blindness and brain damage. Measles
266 How can measles spread? Droplet infection
 5. Disease

267 Name the pathogen that causes AIDS. HIV (Human immunodefiency virus)
Sexual contact; Exchange of bodily fluids (shared
268 How can HIV be spread? needles, blood transfusion)
269 How can HIV be treated? Antiretrovial drugs to control (not cure) it
270 Name a viral disease in plants. Tobacco mosaic virus
Describe the appearance of a plant
271 infected with tobacco mosaic virus. Mosaic pattern of discoloration on leaves

How does tobacco mosaic virus affect the

272 plants? Destroy chloroplasts, so reduce photosynthesis

How can tobacco mosaic virus be

273 spread? Direct contact/Vectors

Viral diseases can be cured. True or

274 false? FALSE

Where can Salmonella bacteria be

275 found? Raw meat, chicken, eggs

State one symptom of Salmonella

276 poisoning. Fever/Abdominal cramps/diarrhoea/vomiting

277 Which pathogen causes gonorrhoea? Bacteria

278 How does gonorrhoea spread? Sexual contact
Yellow/green discharge from penis/vagina; pain on
279 State a symptom of gonorrhoea. urination

280 State a long-term effect of gonorrhoea. Long-term pelvic pain, infertility, ectopic pregnancies

How can the spread of gonorrhoea be

281 stopped? Use condom; Limit sexual partners

How can we use Agrobacterium

282 tumefaciens in plants? They cause galls --> genetic manipulation

283 How can bacterial diseases be treated? Antibiotics

284 Name a fungal disease in humans. Athlete's foot

285 Which pathogen causes rose black spot? Fungi

286 State a symptom of rose black spot. Damages leaves

287 Which pathogen causes malaria. Protists
288 How is malaria spread? By female Anopheles mosquitoes

289 How does malaria affect the body? Damages blood and liver cells
290 State a symptom of malaria. Fevers, shaking
 5. Disease
Use mosquito nets; Use insecticides; Remove standing
How can the spread of malaria be water; Take antimalarial drugs
291 stopped?

How does your skin act as a defence

292 against pathogen entry? Barrier; Antimicrobial secretions; Microorganism layer

Secrete mucus to trap pathogens + Cilia move mucus up

How does the trachea defend the body the trachea to be removed
293 against pathogens?

How does the stomach defend the body Hydrochloric acid destroys microorganisms in
294 against pathogens? mucus/food

State the three ways in which white blood Engulf pathogens + Produce antibodies + Produce
295 cells defend the body. antitoxins

296 What are antibodies? Proteins that bind to specific antigens on pathogens

297 What are antigens? Proteins on cell surface for cell recognition

Feed on phloem sap, so plant loses nutrients; Vectors of

298 How do aphids damage plants? pathogens

Why do plants need nitrates for good

299 growth? Make proteins

How are magnesium ions used in plant

300 growth? Make chlorophyll for photosynthesis

What is a symptom of magnesium

301 deficiency in plants? Discoloration of leaves

State one physical barrier in plants to Cellulose cell wall/Tough waxy cuticle/Bark on trees/Leaf
302 defend against pathogens. fall

303 State one chemical defence in plants. Antibacterial chemicals/Poisons

State one physical adaptation in plants to Thorns/Hairy stems and leaves/Drooping or
304 defend against herbivores. curling/Mimicry
 6. PREVENTING Disease
305 What makes up vaccines? Dead/Inactive pathogens
How does vaccination make a person become Inactive antigens in vaccine stimulates WBC to make antibodies and
immune to a disease? memory cells, which stimulates secondary response
306
Recognise same pathogen when it invades to produce large number
of antibodies in short time
307 What is the function of memory cells?

308 What is herd immunity? Large proportion of population is immune to a disease

Painkillers destroy the pathogens in our body.

309 True or false? FALSE

310 Which pathogen does antibiotics destroy? Bacteria

Viruses reproduce inside cells, antibiotics cannot enter cells without
311 Why can't antibiotics kill viruses? damaging the cell

How might an antibiotic be useless against a

312 bacteria? Antibiotic resistance

Which plant did the heart drug digitalis originated

313 from? Foxgloves

314 Which drug originated from willow? Aspirin

315 Name the microorganism that produces penicillin. Penicillium

New drugs are tested extensively for three
316 factors. Name the three factors. Toxicity, efficacy, dose
What living materials are used in preclinical
317 testing? Cells, tissues, live animals

What is the difference between preclinical testing PT: Use cells, tissues, animals; CT: Use healthy volunteers and
318 and clinical trials? patients

319 Define 'placebo'. A medicine that does not contain the active drug being tested

Neither the doctors nor the patients know who gets the real
320 What is a double-blind trial? drug/placebo

321 What are monoclonal antibodies? Proteins that target particular cells/chemicals
Cells made by the fusion of an antibody-specific lymphocyte and
tumour cell to make monoclonal antibodies
322 What are hybridomas?
Pregnancy tests/Disease diagnosis/Monitoring chemical levels in
blood/Research/Disease treatment
323 State a use of monoclonal antibodies.

What do monoclonal antibodies target in a

324 pregnancy test? Hormone (HCG) produced in the early pregnancy stage
Target antigens on cancer cells to trigger immune system to
recognise and attack/Block growth receptors on cancer cells to stop
growth/Carry toxic drugs or radioactive substances to kill cancer
How can monoclonal antibodies be used in cells directly
325 cancer treatment?
Why is the use of monoclonal antibodies good in
326 cancer treatment? Targets cancer cells only without harming body cells
What is a disadvantage to the use of monoclonal
327 antibodies on treatment? More side effects than expected
 7. Non-communicable Disease
328 What are non-communicable diseases? Non-infectious diseases
329 Define 'carcinogens'. Cancer-causing substances

What is the difference between correlation Correlation: A link between two; Causal: One thing leads to
330 and causal mechanism? the other

State a risk factor for non-communicable

331 diseases. Lifestyle, substance present in body/environment
332 Define 'tumour'. A mass of cells grown abnormally (uncontrollable growth)
Growth of abnormal cells contained in one area within a
333 Define 'benign tumours'. membrane, don't invade other tissues
Tumours that invade other tissues and can spread to other
334 Define 'malignant tumours'. parts of the body through blood to form secondary tumours

Which tumour leads to cancer - benign or

335 malignant? Malignant
Smoking, obesity, common viruses, UV exposure, genetic
336 Name a risk factor of developing cancer. factors

337 Name the two ways to treat cancer. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy

Chemicals to kill cancer cells, but also healthy cells in the

338 What is used in chemotherapy? process
339 What is used in radiotherapy? Targeted doses of radiation
What is the effect of nicotine in tobacco
340 smoke? Addictiveness

341 Name the carcinogen in tobacco smoke. Tar

Briefly describe how tobacco smoke causes Stops cilia from working, excess mucus (trapping bacteria in
342 lung infection. lungs)
Briefly describe how tobacco smoke causes Increase heart rate, damage artery lining, increase risk of
343 cardiovascular diseases. clot formation, increase blood pressure

344 State an effect of smoking on fetuses. Premature birth/Low birthweight/Stillbirth

345 Name a risk factor for obesity. Poor/unbalanced diet; lack of exercise; High cholesterol diet

346 Name a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Obesity; Unbalance diet (high sugar diet); Lack of exercise

How can a high fat diet lead to coronary

347 heart disease? Fat deposit in coronary arteries
Which organ breaks down alcohol before it
348 causes permanent damage? Liver

State one disease caused by long-term

349 heavy drinking. Liver cirrhosis/Liver cancer/Brain damage

State a risk of drinking alcohol during

350 pregnancy. Miscarriage/Stillbirths/Premature births/Low birthweight
Name the condition that babies may have if
their mothers drink lots of alcohol during
351 pregnancy. Fetal alcohol syndrome

352 How do ionising radiation causes mutation? Penetrates cells and damage chromosomes
UV light from sun/Radioactive materials in soil, water,
air/Medical and dental X-rays/Accidents in nuclear power
353 Name a source of ionising radiation. stations
 8. Photosynthesis

Is photosynthesis endothermic or
354 exothermic? Endothermic

355 State the equation of photosynthesis. 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Where does photosynthesis occur in the

356 cell? Chloroplast

Building glucose from carbon dioxide and water using

357 What is photosynthesis? light

Name the pigment in chloroplasts that

358 absorbs light. Chlorophyll
Broad leaves/Thin/Have chlorophyll/Air spaces/Guard
State an adaptation of the leaf for efficient
cells to regulate stomata opening
359 photosynthesis.

How does higher light intensity affect the

360 rate of photosynthesis? Increase
Apart from light and carbon dioxide
concentration, name one other limiting
361 factor of photosynthetic rate. Temperature/Chlorophyll levels

Why would photosynthetic rate decrease

362 at higher temperatures? Enzymes become denatured
Respiration/Make and strenghten cellulose cell
wall/Make starch for storage/Make lipids as energy store
363 Name one use of glucose in plants.

Why do plants need nitrates for good

364 growth? Make proteins
State one factor to maintain in a
High CO2 levels/Constant light/Appropriate
greenhouse for optimal plant growth.
365 temperatures/Regulate watering
 9. Respiration

Exothermic reaction that breaks down glucose to release

energy using oxygen
366 Define 'aerobic respiration'.

367 State the equation of aerobic respiration. Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + Water

368 Is respiration endothermic or exothermic? Exothermic

Where does aerobic respiration occur in

369 the cell? Mitochondria

Metabolic reactions (eg. Build)/Muscle

contraction/Mainting body temp/Active transport
370 Give one importance of respiration.

Increase heart rate/breathing rate/Glycogen coverted to

State one response of the body to glucose/Increase blood flow to muscles
371 exercise.

What happens to the glycogen stored in

muscles when you exercise?
372 Converted into glucose for respiration

Breakdown of glucose to release small amount of energy

without the use of oxygen
373 What is anaerobic respiration?

Name the toxic substance produced by

374 anaerobic respiration. Lactic acid

State an effect on your body after

375 anaerobic respiration. Muscle fatigue

376 Define 'oxygen debt'. Amount of oxygen needed to break down lactic acid

What do plants make in anaerobic

377 respiration? Ethanol and carbon dioxide

Give one use of yeast doing anaerobic

378 respiration. Making bread/alcohol
Convert glucose to glycogen,starch,cellulose/Make
lipids/proteins/Respiration/Photosynthesis/Breakdown of
Give one example of a metabolic reaction
proteins
379 in cells.

Detoxification/Breakdown of old blood cells/Remove

lactic acid (convert to glucose)
380 State a function of liver.
 10. The nervous system
Maintainence of internal environment relatively stable at optimum
381 Define 'homeostasis'. conditions through negative feedback
Name three key internal conditions that need to
382 be controlled through homeostasis. Temperature; Water levels; Blood glucose level
Name the cell type that detects stimuli in the
383 internal or external environment. Receptor
Name the component in the nervous system that
384 processes the stimuli information. Coordination centre
Name the component in the nervous system that
385 bring about responses to stimuli. Effectors
386 State the function of a neurone. Transmit electrical impulses
Name the type of neurone that carries impulses
387 to the central nervous system. Sensory neurone
Name the type of neurone that carries impulses
388 away from the central nervous system. Motor neurone
389 Name two types of effectors. Muscle; Glands
Name the two coordination centres that make up
390 the central nervous system. Brain + Spinal cord
Where is the cell body found in the sensory
391 neurone? Along/On the neurone fibre
Where is the cell body found in the motor
392 neurone? At the beginning of the motor neurone
Name one factor that may affect human reaction
393 time. Energy or sugary drinks/Practise beforehand etc.
Automatic and rapid actions that do not involve the conscious parts
394 What are reflex actions? of the brain
Name the three types of neurones that are
395 involved in coordinating reflexes. Sensory, relay, motor neurones

396 Where is the relay neurone found in a reflex arc? Spinal cord
Illustrate the reflex pathway in a flowchart, (Stimulus -->) Receptor --> Sensory neurone --> Relay neurone -->
397 showing all the components involved. Motor neurone --> Effector (--> Response)
398 What are synapses? The junction/physical gap between neurones
Neurotransmitters/Chemicals are released, which travel across the
399 How is information passed through the synapse? synapse to the receptor sites on the next neurone
Name the region in the brain that involves
consciousness, intelligence, memory and
400 language. Cerebral cortex
Name the region in the brain that coordinates
401 muscular activity and balance. Cerebellum
Name the region in the brain that coordinates
402 automatic, unconscious activities. Medulla (oblongata)
Name a method scientists used to find out the Studying brain damage patients/Electrically stimulating different
403 functions of each part of the brain. parts of brain/MRI scans
404 State the function of the sclera. White outer layer to protect the eyeball
405 State the function of the cornea. Allows light into the eye; Refract/focus light

406 How is the size of the pupil controlled? Muscular contraction and relaxation of the iris
407 State the function of the lens. Refracts light to focus the image onto the retina
Name the two components that change the
408 shape of the lens. Suspensory ligaments + Ciliary muscles
Name the component that carries impulses from
409 the retina to the brain. Optic nerve
Describe the state of the ciliary muscles and the
410 lens as the eye focuses on a distant object. Ciliary muscles relax, Lens becomes thinner
Name the condition in which people can see
close objects clearly but distant objects look
411 blurred. Myopia/Short sightedness
Name the condition in which people can see
distant objects clearly but close objects are
412 blurred. Hyperopia
413 Give two possible reasons for myopia. Lens too curved; Long eyeball
Describe the state of the lens if more refraction is
 11. Hormones
How does the endocrine system bring
Glands release hormones into bloodstream, which then
about a change in our internal
travel to the target organ to produce an effect
416 environment?
417 What are hormones?
Name the 'master gland' that secretes a
418 variety of hormones. Pituitary gland
Name the hormone that affects the
419 amount of urine produced by the kidney. ADH
State one difference between the effects
of hormones compared to the nervous
420 system. Hormonal effects are slower/last longer
Name the hormone that decreases blood
421 glucose level. Insulin
Name the hormone that increases blood
422 glucose level. Glucagon
Name the organ the produces hormones
423 to control blood glucose level. Pancreas
Increase glucose uptake by cells/More
respiration/Convert glucose to glycogen to store in liver
424 State an effect of insulin. and muscles/Convert glucose to fat for storage

Convert glycogen to glucose/Make glucose from amino

425 State an effect of glucagon. acids or fat
Complex/Storage carbohydrate made up of glucose in
426 What is glycogen? liver and muscles
Condition where pancreas does not make enough/any
427 What is type 1 diabetes? insulin
Condition where body cells stop responding to insulin
428 What is type 2 diabetes? properly
Excess urine/Feeling thirsty/Lack energy/Lose
429 Name one symptom of diabetes. weight/Fatigue

430 Name a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Lack of exercise/Sugary diet/Obesity
Name a treatment for type 1 diabetes but
431 not type 2 diabetes. Insulin injection

432 Name a method to cure type 1 diabetes. Pancreas or pancreatic cell transplant
Carbohydrate-controlled diet/Lose weight/Regular
433 Name one treatment for type 2 diabetes. exercise/Medicine
434 Which organ produces thyroxine? Thyroid gland
435 What is the effect of thyroxine? Controls metabolic rate
Name the hormone secreted by the
pituitary gland that controls the production
436 of thyroxine? TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
Increase heart rate/breathing rate/Increase glycogen
conversion to glucose/Pupils dilate/Increase mental
437 State one effect of adrenaline. awareness/More blood flow to muscles

438 Name the organ that secretes adrenaline. Adrenal gland

The level of adrenaline is controlled by a
439 negative feedback system. True or false? FALSE
Under what sort of situation would
440 adrenaline be released? In reaction to fear or stress
 11. Hormones
Name the main female reproductive
441 hormone. Oestrogen
Name the process where a matured egg
442 is released from the ovaries. Ovulation
Name the hormone that causes egg
443 maturation in the ovaries. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
Name the hormone that stimulates
444 ovulation. LH (luteinising hormone)
Name the hormone that stimulates the
445 build-up of the uterus lining. Oestrogen
Name the hormone that maintains the
446 uterus lining. Progesterone
Name the main male reproductive
447 hormone. Testosterone

448 Which organ produces testosterone? Testes

State the average length of the menstrual
449 cycle. 28 days
Which two female hormones does the
pituitary gland secretes during the
450 menstrual cycle? FSH and LH
Which two female hormones does the
ovaries release during the menstrual
451 cycle? Oestrogen and progesterone
Which hormone stimulates the release of
452 oestrogen? FSH
Which hormone inhibits the release of
453 FSH? Oestrogen
Which hormone stimulates the release of
454 LH? Oestrogen
Which hormone inhibits the release of
455 both FSH and LH? Progesterone
Which hormone(s) are used as
456 contraceptive pills? Oestrogen and progesterone
Name a chemical method of
457 contraception. Spermicides

458 Name a barrier method of contraception. Condom/Diaphragm

Which two hormones are issued as
459 fertility drug in IVF treatments? FSH and LH
Where does fertilisation occur in IVF
460 treatment? In a Petri dish
461 Define 'phototropism'. The response of a plant to light
462 Define 'gravitropism/geotropism'. The response of a plant to gravity
463 What are auxins? A plant hormone that controls photo- and geotropism
How do auxins respond to one-sided light Auxins move to the unlit side (causing quicker growth,
464 on a young shoot? hence the shoot bends towards the light)
How do auxins respond to a young root
465 placed sideways? Auxins move to the lower side of the root
What is the effect of a high level of auxin
466 on shoot growth? Auxins promote shoot growth
What is the effect of a high level of auxin
467 on root growth? Auxins inhibit root growth
Name one use of auxins in agriculture
468 and horticulture. Weed killers/Rooting powders/Tissue culture
469 Name one use of ethene in agriculture. Control fruit ripening
Name one use of gibberellins in Increase fruit size/Stimulate germination/Promote
 12. Homeostasis
Name the part in the brain that controls
your core body temperature.
471 Thermoregulatory centre in hypothalmus
Name the action where surface skin
capillaries dilate to allow more blood flow to
472 the surface. Vasodilation

State one response of the body to high

473 body temperature. Sweating/Vasodilation/Hair lies flat

State one response of the body to low body

474 temperature. Vasoconstriction/Less sweating/Shivering

Briefly explain how shivering helps increase

475 our body temperatre. Contractions requires energy from respiration (exothermic)

Name the two main poisonous waste

476 products in our body. Carbon dioxide + Urea

How does high carbon dioxide level affect Dissolved CO2 makes acidic solution --> denature
477 the body? enzymes

How is carbon dioxide removed from the

478 cells and out of the body? Transported to alveoli --> exhaled into environment
479 How is urea produced? Breakdown of excess amino acids

Name the organ that removes urea from

480 the body. Kidney
Name the process which removes the
amine group from the amino acids.
481 Deamination

Name the product formed from deamination

of excess amino acids, before it is
converted into urea.
482 Ammonia

Name the organ that breaks down excess

483 amino acids. Liver
Name the organ that controls water and
mineral ion content of the blood.
484 Kidney
Namefour substances that are filtered out
of the blood into the kidney.
485 Glucose, mineral ions, urea, water
Why can't blood cells and proteins leave
the blood to enter the kidney?
486 Too big to pass through vessel wall

How is glucose reabsorbed back into the

487 blood from the kidney? Diffusion + Active transport
The process in which the kidney reabsorbs certain useful
substances back into the kidney
488 What is 'selective reabsorption'?

Name the hormone that regulates the

amount of water reabsorbed back into the
blood from the kidney.
489 ADH
 12. Homeostasis

490 Name the organ that secretes ADH. Pituitary gland

If there is an increase in ADH release, does

the amount of water reabsorbed increase or
decrease?
491 Increase
Briefly describe the volume and
concentration of urine produced if there is
492 little ADH release. High volume, low concentration

493 Name two treatments of kidney failure. Dialysis, kidney transplant

A process where the machine acts as an artificial kidney - it

filters the blood and restores normal urea/water/ion levels
494 What is 'dialysis'?

Which component of the dialysis machine

that we rely on to prevent the loss of useful
substances from the blood?
495 Dialysis fluid
What should be the concentration of glucose
and mineral ions of the dialysis fluid be like,
in comparison to the blood of a healthy
person?
496 Same as a healthy person's blood

What is the concentration of urea in the

497 dialysis fluid? Zero/None

Carefully controlled diet/Long periods of time connected to

machine (poor quality of life/immobile during
dialysis/Inconvenient)
498 State one disadvantage of dialysis.

499 State a problem in kidney transplant. Rejection/Lack of donor kidney

State a component on a donor kidney that

causes rejection problems.
500 Foreign antigen on donor kidney

Name the component of the patient's body

that may attack the donor kidney.
501 Antibodies

State a method that reduces the risk of Use close relative's kidney for similar
502 rejection. antigens/Immunosuppresant drugs

Name the type of drugs that is prescribed to

a patient with a new organ.
503 Immunosuppresant drugs

Weakened immune system means harder to defend self

State a disadvantage of taking against diseases effectively
504 immunosuppresant drugs.
 13. Reproduction
By which cell division type does asexual reproduction rely
505 on? Mitosis
506 How are gametes formed? Meiosis
507 How is a gamete different from a normal body cell? Half genetic information
Name the structure formed by fertilisation (fusion of male
508 and female gametes). Zygote
A: no fertilisation/genetically identical
State one difference between asexual and sexual offspring; S: fertilisation/genetic
509 reproduction. variation
510 Name the gametes in plants. Egg + Pollen
511 Name the organ that produces egg cells. Ovaries
512 Name the organ that produces sperm cells. Testes
513 How many divisions do a cell undergo in meiosis? Twice
Name the process where a sperm and an egg cell fuse
514 together. Fertilisation
515 How many chromosomes are there in a human gamete? 23
516 Define 'gametes'. Sex cells
517 Name the gametes in animals. Sperm + Egg
518 Describe the cells produced by meiosis. 4 cells, genetically different.
519 Describe the cells produced by mitosis. 2 cells, genetically identical (clones).
1. Copies of the DNA are made.
2. The cell divides twice to form 4
gametes, each with a single set of
chromosomes.
3. All 4 cells are genetically different
520 State the three key steps in meiosis. from each other.

When a new cell is formed through fertilisation, how does it

521 divide? Mitosis.
Describe how malarial parasites use both forms of Reproduce asexually in the human host,
522 reproduction. but sexually in the mosquito.
Reproduce asexually by spores but also
523 Describe how fungi use both forms of reproduction. reproduce sexually to give variation.

Runners such as strawberry plants, or

524 Describe how plants use both forms of reproduction. bulb division such as daffodils.
525 The genetic material in the nucleus of a cell is…. DNA
A polymer made up of two strands
526 Describe the structure of DNA. forming a double helix.
527 Name the structure within which DNA is contained. Chromosomes.
A small section of DNA on a
528 What is a gene? chromosome.
To code for a particular sequence of
amino acids in order to make a specific
529 What is the function of a gene? protein.
The entire genetic material of an
530 What is a genome? organism.
1. To search for genes linked to different
types of disease
State 3 ways in which understanding of the human genome 2. To understand and treat inherited
will be important. disorders
3. To trace early human migration
531 patterns
A phosphate group, a sugar molecule
532 Name the three parts of a DNA molecule. and a nucleotide base
533 Name the four nucleotides found in DNA. Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine
 13. Reproduction
538 What brings specific amino acids to the ribosomes? Carrier molecules.
When the protein chain is complete, what process aids it to
539 form its unique shape? Folding.
1. Enzymes
2. Hormones
540 Name three uses of proteins in the body. 3. Structural proteins e.g. collagen
541 What is a change in the DNA sequence called? A mutation.
1. No change or a slight change so no
effect on the protein
2. Altered protein, so an enzyme may
Name three potential consequences for a protein of a stop working
mutation.
3. Mutation within a non-coding region
nearby to a gene may affect the
542 expression (production) of a protein

A thread-like structure which contains

543 What is a chromosome? coiled up DNA and proteins.
544 What is an allele? A different version of a gene.
The individual only needs one copy of
545 What does the term “dominant” mean? this allele for its phenotype to be seen.
The individual needs two copies of this
546 What does the term “recessive” mean? allele for its phenotype to be seen.
The individual has two identical alleles
547 What does the term “homozygous” mean? for this gene.
The individual has two different alleles
548 What does the term “heterozygous” mean? for this gene.
The genetic makeup of an organism for
549 What is a genotype? a particular gene (e.g. RR).
The displayed characteristic due to the
interactions between alleles (e.g. red
550 What is a phenotype? flowers).
How many pairs of chromosomes does an ordinary human
551 body cell have? 23
How many pairs of chromosomes determine the sex of the
552 individual? 1
553 What is the genotype of a female? XX
554 What is the genotype of a male? XY
A condition that causes the individual to
555 What is polydactyly? have extra fingers or toes.
556 Is polydactyly a dominant or recessive condition? Dominant.
PP or Pp (homozygous dominant or
557 State the genotype(s) that would result in polydactyly. heterozygous for this gene).
A condition which causes sticky mucus
558 What is cystic fibrosis? to build up in the lungs.
559 Is cystic fibrosis a dominant or recessive condition? Recessive.
560 State the genotype(s) that would result in cystic fibrosis. cc (homozygous recessive).
Amniocentesis/Chorionic villus
561 State one method of screening embryos. sampling/IVF
Causing miscarriage/Ethical
562 State one concern of screening embryos. concerns/Inaccurate results/Expensive
Know if child will have disorder/Able to
decide if proceed with pregnancy or
563 State one benefit of embryo screening. abortion
 14. Variation
564 Genes determine the phenotype of an organism – true or false? False – the environment also plays a role.
Differences in the characteristics of
565 What is variation within a population? individuals in a population.
1. Genes
2. The environment
566 State three causes of variation in a population. 3. A combination of both
Within a population, there is normally very little genetic variation
567 – true or false? False – just look around you at humans!
568 What causes variation within a population? Mutations.
A change in the inherited characteristics
of a population over time through a
process of natural selection which may
569 What is evolution? result in the formation of a new species.
True or false – does the theory of evolution by natural selection
state that all living things evolved from simple life forms more
570 than three billion years ago? True.
Would the best organism within a species to survive and
reproduce be:
a) the strongest?
b) the one which reproduces the fastest?
571 c) the best adapted to the environment? c)
Organisms that can interbreed to produce
572 Define 'species'. fertile offspring.
The process by which evolution takes
place - Nature chooses those those with
favourable characteristics (best suited to
environment) to survive and reproduce,
573 Define 'natural selection'. passing on their genes
The process by which humans breed
plants and animals for particular genetic
574 What is selective breeding? characteristics.
1. Breeding food crops from wild plants
575 Name two historic examples of selective breeding. 2. Domesticating animals
1. Disease resistance in food crops
2. Animals which produce more meat or
milk
3. Domestic dogs with a gentle nature
576 State four modern examples of selective breeding. 4. Large or unusual flowers
Inbreeding – some breeds are prone to
disease or inherited defects (e.g. some
577 State a drawback to selective breeding. pugs have breathing problems).
The process which involves modifying the
genome of an organism by introducing a
gene from another organism to give a
578 What is genetic engineering? desired characteristic.
1. Resistant to insect attack
State three traits plants might be genetically engineered to have. 2. Resistant to herbicides
579 3. Increased yields
Give one example of the use of genetically engineered bacterial To produce useful substances such as
580 cells. human insulin to treat diabetes.
How is a gene “cut out” from the genome of one species and
581 inserted the genome of another? Using enzymes.
582 Into what is the gene inserted? A vector
583 Give two examples of vectors used in genetic engineering. A bacterial plasmid, a virus
 14. Variation
Using small groups of cells from part of a
plant to grow identical new plants.
584 What is plant tissue culture?

An older, but simple, method used by

gardeners to produce many identical new
plants from a parent plant.
585 What are “plant cuttings”?

586 Where might plant cloning be useful? Horticulture and agriculture.

Splitting apart cells from a developing

animal embryo before they become
specialised transplanting the identical
embryos into host mothers.
587 Describe the two steps involved in embryo transplanting.
Compare the offspring from embryo transplants with each other
and with the parents. Genetically identical to each other;
588 Different from parents
Reduces genetic variation, so makes
populations more susceptible to disease.
589 State a disadvantage to cloning plants and animals.
In adult cell cloning, what is removed from the cloning target's
cell, in order to create its clone?
590 Nucleus
What type of cell is taken from the target clone in adult cell
591 cloning? Any body cell (except gametes)

592 What has to be done to the egg cell in adult cell cloning? Remove its nucleus
What is needed to stimulate the new egg cell to divide in adult
cell cloning?
593 Electric shock

Genetically identical to nucleus donor;

594 Compare the offspring in adult cell cloning to both its parents. different from the egg cell donor

Improved growth rates/Increased

yield/Increased food quality/Produce
human proteins/enzymes as medicine
595 State two benefits of genetic engineering.

1. Unknown effects on populations of wild

flowers
2. Unknown effects on populations of
insects

3. Some people feel the effects of eating

GM crops on human health have not
596 State three concerns around genetically engineering plants. been fully explored
 15. Genetics and evolution
Name the person who first discovered inherited
characteristics are determined by 'units' passed on
597 unchanged. Gregor Mendel
Why were Mendel's ideas of inheritance not
598 accepted during his time? As chromosomes were not discovered/seen yet
599 Who published the double helix structure of DNA? Watson and Crick
Watson and Crick used whose work to find out the Franklin and Wilkins (but without Franklin's
600 structure of DNA? permission)
Name the person who proposed the theory of
601 evolution. Charles Darwin
Name the person who suggested changes that
occur in an organism during its lifetime can be
602 inherited. (Jean-Baptiste) Lamarck
On what mechanism is Darwin's theory of evolution
603 based on? Natural selection
What is Darwin's theory of evolution by natural
604 selection? All species have evolved from simple life forms
State three reasons why Darwin’s ideas were only 1. Conflict with the wild belief that God made all
slowly accepted. living things; 2. Insufficient evidence; 3. No
605 mechanism to explain variation and inheritance
Who worked with Darwin to develop the theory of
606 evolution? Alfred Russel Wallace
Apart from evolution, what are two other studies Warning colouration in animals + Theory of
607 Wallace worked on? speciation
The process by which two species evolve from a
608 What is speciation? single original species by natural selection
1. Geographical isolation (e.g. a flood divides an
island in two)
2. Different selection pressures/conditions in the
new environments
3. Genetic variation (due to mutations) within the
groups
4. Best adapted individuals to the new conditions
survive, reproduce and pass on these favourable
alleles
5. No interbreeding over time, groups become
more different to each other
6. After a large amount of time, unable to
interbreed successfully. They are now separate
609 Give the six steps in the process of speciation. species.
Remains of organisms from millions of years ago
610 What are fossils? that are found preserved (in rocks, ice etc.)
Oxygen, bacteria (decomposers), correct
611 What are criterias for decay to occur? temperature
1. Organism dies and falls to the ground; 2. Flesh
decays, leaving the skeleton behind; 3. Bones are
covered in sand/soil; 4. Bones become
mineralised and turns into rock (fossil); 5. Rock
with fossil emerges due to geological movement
Describe the five steps of fossilisation by (eg. earthquake) and erosion occurs to reveal
612 mineralisation. fossil
Mineralised skeleton; Undecayed due to trapped
What are the three different types of fossils that in ice or amber; Preserved traces of organisms
613 can be formed? (eg. footprints, leaves)
1. Many earliest life forms are soft-bodied; 2.
Most organsisms did not become fossilised; 3.
Most early fossils were destroyed by geological
614 Give 4 reasons why the fossil record is incomplete. activity; 4. Many fossils are not yet found
It shows how much organisms have changed and
developed over time, and can show the
615 How is the fossil record helpful? environment and climate then
 15. Genetics and evolution

What causes mass extinction? Suggest two Single catastrophic event that also affects climate
examples of this cause. over a long period (eg. asteroid collision, volcanic
618 eruption)
Asteroid impact causes huge fires and
earthquakes --> volcanic eruptions --> dust/ash
Suggest a chain of events initated by an asteroid
cloud covers atmosphere --> less sunlight
collision that could lead to the extinction of
reaches the Earth surface --> temp drop
dinosaurs.
massively + plants die --> loss of food source led
to other animals' extinction
619

Bacteria becoming resistant means it cannot be

620 What is antibiotic resistance? killed by a certain antibiotic

Random mutations in bacteria/Bacteria sharing

621 What causes antibiotic resistance? resistant genes

1. Mutation occurs in an individual bacterium

within a population; 2. It survives and reproduces
Describe the steps in which a bacteria strain
rapidly, making more bacteria with its resistant
develops resistance to an antibiotic.
gene; 3. Overtime, all bacteria within the
population have that gene
622
Why can bacteria evolve quicker than other
623 organisms? Because bacteria can reproduce at a quick rate
1. Do not overuse antibiotics; 2. Patients finish
Suggest 3 methods to prevent and slow down the
antibiotic course every time; 3. Restrict
development of antibiotic-resistant strains.
agricultural use of antibiotics
624
To ensure all bacteria are killed by the antibiotic,
Why must patients finish their course of antibiotics so none can survive to mutate and develop
625 every time? resistantce

Only use antibiotics if really needed; Use strain-

specific antibiotics; Maintain high hygiene
Suggest 3 ways in which a hospital can reduce the standards (eg. wash hands between patient
spread of antibiotic-resistant strains. visits); Isolate patients infected with resistant
strain; Visitors wash hands as they enter and
leave
626
Why is it difficult to develop new antibiotics to
The development of new antibiotics is expensive
combat the appearance of new antibiotic-resistant
and slow (won't be able to keep up)
strains of bacteria?
627

Organisation of living things into groups based on

628 What does classification of organisms mean? their similarities

Name the person who developed the classification

629 system. Carl Linnaeus
State the 7 heirarchical levels of the Linnaean
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus,
classification system.
630 species
Every organism has a scientific name using a
binomial system. What does binomial mean?
631 Two names
Which language does the binomial naming system
632 use? Latin
The binomial name of an organism is made up of
two words. What does each word represent of that
organism? The first word is the genus; second word is the
633 species
 15. Genetics and evolution

First letter of the genus should be in capital; First

What are the three rules of writing a binomial letter of the species should be in small letter; Both
scientific name of a species? need to be in italics when printed or underlined
when hand-written
634

Every organisms' names would vary in different

languages, but Latin is considered to be the old
common language in which everyone can
use/understand
635 Why do we use the binomial naming system?
How many domains and kingdoms do scientists
now consider in classification?
636 3 domains; 6 kingdoms
Different biochemistry of cell and ribosomes, and
Based on what knowledge were the three domains how cells reproduce differently
637 set?
638 What are the three domains? Archaea, bacteria, eukaryota

Archaebacteria, eubacteria, protista, fungi, plants,

639 What are the six kingdoms? animals

Helps us to understand evolutionary and

640 How is classification helpful? ecological relationships
Name the type of models that are used to show
how different organisms are related.
641 Evolutionary trees
By looking at similarities and differences between
different groups of organisms
642 How are evolutionary trees made?
What aspects of knowledge would be considered
when suggesting evolutionary relationships? Similarties and differences in physical structures,
643 genetics and biochemistry
 16. Adaptation
A group of interdependent organisms that are made of
644 Define 'community'. different species

The interaction of a community with the abiotic parts of the

645 Define 'ecosystem'. environment
Non-living factors in an environment (eg. light intensity, soil
pH, wind, humidity, temperature)
646 What are abiotic factors? State two examples.
Living factors in an environment (eg. predators, competitors,
pathogens/microorganisms)
647 What are biotic factors? State two examples.
A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in
the same place at the same time
648 Define 'population'.
A relationship that describes how all species within a
community depend on each other to survive
649 What is interdependence?
Where all the species and environmental factors are in
balance, hence population sizes remain fairly constant
650 What is meant by a stable community?
A disease causes large areas of trees to die. Is
Biotic (as diseases are caused by pathogens, which are living
their death cause by an abiotic or biotic factor?
651 beings)
Less light, less photosynthesis by plants --> poor plant growth
Briefly explain why low light intensity may --> less plant availble for animals to eat --> less herbivores
decrease animal populations. grow and survive --> further affects higher levels in the food
652 chain

Sort the following into abiotic and biotic factors:

soil pH, availability of food, oxygen availability, Ab: soil pH, CO2 levels, O2 availability, wind intensity; Bio:
wind intensity, new competitors, carbon dioxide food availability, new competitors
levels
653
New pathogens, new predators, new competitors, food
654 State three biotic factors. availability
State an equipment that is commonly used to
investigate a population of plants in a particular
area.
655 Quadrat
A technique to record and estimate the number of organisms
in a particular area
656 What is quantitative sampling?
How can the distribution of a species be
657 measured? Sampling along a transect
Quantitative sampling takes samples at random coordinates;
State a difference between quantitative
Transect sampling takes samples at specific intervals along
sampling and transect sampling.
the line (not random)
658

What are the three things that animals compete

659 for? Food, mates, territory

Give one characteristic of a lion that makes it a

660 good competitor. Sharp teeth/claws

Give one charactersitic of a deer that makes it

661 a good competitor. Horns/Antlers
Give one charactersitc of a peacock that
makes it a good competitor, and state what it is
competing for using this trait. Behaviour (eg. mating dance)/Attractive, colourful feathers to
662 attract mate
Tigers urinating on trees is a behaviour
adaptation to compete for...?
663 Territory

Wasps building nests is a behaviour adaptation

664 to compete for...? Shelter/Habitat

Owls' sharp hearing is an adaptation to

665 compete for...? Food
What are the four things that plants compete
 16. Adaptation
Some small plants in woodlands grow only in
To avoid competiton for sunlight when large trees grow leaves
winter and dies before spring comes. Suggest
and block out sunlight in spring/summer
why this occurs.
667

Suggest why plants may have different root To avoid competition for water and/or minerial ions at the
668 depths. same soil depth
Suggest why seed dispersal is considered an Seed is carried far away instead of landing right next to parent
adaptation to avoid competition. plant, so offspring plant doesn't compete with parent plant
669

Catcus' long roots is a feature to help

670 compete for...? Water
Large flowers are a feature to help compete
671 for...? (attract) Pollinators

Weeds' rapid growth in height is a feature to

672 help compete for...? Light

(micro)organisms that live in environments that are very

extreme (eg. high temp, pressure, salt conc)
673 What are extremophiles?

Which domain tends to include most

674 extremophiles? Archaea
State the specific name given to
extremophiles that are adapted to live in high
675 temperatures. Thermophiles
Suggest one adaptation that thermophiles Special enzymes with higher optimal temp (don't denature at
have to help them live in high temperatures. high temp)/Specially structured cell membrane and/or cell wall
676
Suggest one adaptation that halophiles have Special cytoplasm to prevent water loss by osmosis/Special
to help them survive in salty areas. cell membrane/cell wall
677

For animals that living in cold climates, would

they have adaptations to increase or
decrease their surface area to volume ratio?
678 Decrease
Why do animals that live in hot climates adapt
to have a high SA:V ratio?
679 Increase heat loss
State an adaptation that polar bears have to
survive in cold climates.
680 More insulation (thick fat layer + fur)
681 Give a behavioural adaptation of penguins. Huddling

What is stored in camels' humps and what is

682 it for? Fat store --> can be metabolised to make water

Apart from their humps, give one other

adaptation of camels to help them reduce
water loss.
683 Specially adapted kidneys / Very little sweating
Arctic foxes' fur coat changes from grey to
white during winter. Suggest two reasons Reduce heat loss by radiation + Better camouflage in the
684 why. snow
What is the major way in which plants lose
water in hot, dry conditions?
685 Transpiration
Traps moist air --> reduce water vapour conc gradient -->
Why do plants in dry and hot conditions have
Reduce transpiration
686 curled leaves?
687 Why do some plants have thorns? Prevent predation by herbivores
688 Why do some plants have long roots? Increase water uptake
689 Why do cacti have swollen stems? Store water
690 Why do cacti have spine-like leaves? Reduce SA --> reduce water loss
 17. Ecosystems
Amount of biological material in an organism (without
691 Define 'biomass'. water)
Organisms that can make food/biomass from raw
materials such as CO2 and water (eg. plants, algae)
692 What are producers?

693 How do producers make biomass? By doing photosynthesis

What are primary consumers? Give an Animals that eat producers + Any herbivores (eg. cows,
694 example. sheep, rabbits)
Animals that eat primary consumers + Any carnivores
What are secondary consumers? Give an (eg. lions, foxes, eagles)
695 example.
Secondary consumers may be eaten
696 by...? Tertiary consumers
Describe and explain how prey population
changes as predator population
Prey population decreases as more predator eats more
increases.
697 prey

Describe and explain how predator

Predator population decreases, as less prey/food
population changes as prey population
available, more predators die
decreases.
698
Describe and explain how prey population
Prey population increases, as less predators hunting
changes as predator population
them, more prey can survive and reproduce
decreases.
699

Describe and explain how predator Predator population increases, as more food/prey
population changes as prey population available, more predator and eat to survive and
increases. reproduce
700

Microorganisms that break down waste products and

701 What are decomposers? dead bodies

Name the type of organism that

702 decomposes dead material. Microorganisms

As decomposers break down organic

material, what is released into the air?
How does it return to organisms? Carbon dioxide --> taken into producers for
703 photosynthesis

As decomposers break down organic

Mineral ions (eg. nitrates) --> taken into producers
material, what is released into the soil?
through roots to build biomass (eg. proteins)
How does it return to organisms?
704

Name two ways in which organic material

is returned to the soil for decomposers to
break down.
705 Death + Excretion

Name two ways in which water gets

released from plants to the environment.
706 Transpiration + Respiration
 17. Ecosystems

Amount of biological material in an organism (without

707 Define 'biomass'. water)

Organisms that can make food/biomass from raw

materials such as CO2 and water (eg. plants, algae)
708 What are producers?

709 How do producers make biomass? By doing photosynthesis

What are primary consumers? Give an Animals that eat producers + Any herbivores (eg. cows,
710 example. sheep, rabbits)

Animals that eat primary consumers + Any carnivores

What are secondary consumers? Give an (eg. lions, foxes, eagles)
711 example.

Secondary consumers may be eaten

712 by...? Tertiary consumers
Describe and explain how prey population
changes as predator population Prey population decreases as more predator eats more
713 increases. prey
Describe and explain how predator
Predator population decreases, as less prey/food
population changes as prey population
available, more predators die
714 decreases.
Describe and explain how prey population
Prey population increases, as less predators hunting
changes as predator population
them, more prey can survive and reproduce
715 decreases.
Describe and explain how predator Predator population increases, as more food/prey
population changes as prey population available, more predator and eat to survive and
716 increases. reproduce

Microorganisms that break down waste products and

717 What are decomposers? dead bodies

Name the type of organism that

718 decomposes dead material. Microorganisms
As decomposers break down organic
material, what is released into the air? Carbon dioxide --> taken into producers for
719 How does it return to organisms? photosynthesis
As decomposers break down organic
Mineral ions (eg. nitrates) --> taken into producers
material, what is released into the soil?
through roots to build biomass (eg. proteins)
720 How does it return to organisms?
Name two ways in which organic material
is returned to the soil for decomposers to
721 break down. Death + Excretion
Name two ways in which water gets
722 released from plants to the environment. Transpiration + Respiration

723
 18. Biodiversity and ecosystems
A measure of the variety of all the different species of
725 Define 'biodiversity'. organisms within an ecosystem
Each species becomes less dependent on specific species
Why is having a high biodiversity important for food/shelter --> less pressure on certain species which
to form stable ecosystems? could've lead to extinction --> all species populations are
726 balanced
What are two major problems from the More natural resources are used up + Produce more wastes
727 exponential increase in human population? --> decrease biodiversity
Human sewage + Household wastes + Industrial wastes +
728 State four sources of land pollution. Pesticides and herbicides in farming

How does land pollution affect our Less (clean) food available / Loss of habitat / Global warming
729 biodiversity? leading to migration

How does human sewage contribute Harmful microbes and bad chemicals lead to spread of
730 towards land pollution? diseases on land
Explain how household and industrial wastes Take up space in landfills + Toxic/radioactive chemicals -->
731 pollute land. poison soils + destorys habtitats
Untreated sewage + Fertilisers + Industrial wastes +
732 State four sources of water pollution. Pesticides and herbicides
Name the situation where a body of water
has low oxygen levels, leading to marine
733 organisms' death. Eutrophication
Fertilisers leaked into lakes, excess nutrients causes
excessive plant growth, leading to an increase in
competition/algae covering water surface (less light allowed
into lake for water plants)
734 What causes eutrophication?
735 What is bioaccumulation? Accumulation of chemicals in an organism
Name a chemical that gets built up in
736 organisms in bioaccumulation. Heavy metals/Fertiliers/Pesticides/Herbicides
Chemical conc increases each trophic levels --> may reach
737 Why is bioaccumulation bad? fatal levels when get to the top consumer
738 Name a source of air pollution. Combustion of fossil fuels
Acidic gases released from burning fossil fuels are dissolved
739 How is acid rain formed? in rain water
Name three acidic gases released from
740 burning fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide + sulphur dioxide + Nitric oxides
Kills plants; Destroys roots in soil; Acidifies bodies of water,
killing marine organisms; Affects neighbouring countries;
741 Give 3 effects of acid rain. Acid snow kills young plants
Particulates made from combustion covers the atmosphere,
742 What is global dimming? reflecting sunlight so less light reaches the surface
743 What causes global dimming? Particulates
Name two conditions that particulates can
744 cause. Global dimming + Smog
Explain how global dimming affect plant Cooling temperatures + Less sunlight --> Plants die due to
745 growth. insufficient photosynthesis
746 What is smog? Particulates + Acidic gases
Inhaling particulates damages our lungs and cardiovascular
747 How does smog affect our health? systems
Name a toxic gas that is released from
748 incomplete combustion. Carbon monoxide
How does carbon monoxide cause an effect Binds to haemoglobin irreversibly --> less Hb available to
749 in our body? bind to oxygen --> suffocation
 18. Biodiversity and ecosystems
Use low-sulphur fuels / Set strict emission levels / Use
biofuels / Use exhaust gas filters in power stations / Catalytic
converters in cars
750 Suggest two ways to reduce air pollution.
Suggest two alternative power source that
751 reduces air pollution. Low-sulphur fuels / Biofuels / Renewable energy
752 What is meant by a 'carbon sink'? A place that stores carbon
753 Give two examples of good carbon sinks. Forests + Peat bogs
Provide resources / Provide land for agriculture / Provide
754 Give a reason for deforestation. land to make biofuel
755 Give a reason for peat destruction. Provide fuel/garden compost
Name two major impacts deforestation and
More CO2 release (more global warming and acid rain) +
peat destruction have on the environment
Decrease biodiversity
and our biodiversity.
756
How does a decrease in biodiversity have a Loss of potential new sources of food and medicine / Loss of
757 negative impact on humans? resources

758 Name three major greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide + Methane + Water vapour
759 Suggest a source of carbon dioxide release. Burning fossil fuels/Deforestation/Peat destruction etc.
760 Suggest a natural source of methane. Growing rice and cattle
Thermal energy from the sun reaches the earth and some
are reflected. Greenhouse gases absorb these reflected
thermal energy and keep Earth warm
761 What is the greenhouse effect?
Any greenhouse effect is bad for the Earth.
762 True or false? Explain. FALSE (essential to keep earth warm, vital for life)
Too much greenhouse gases --> trap too much heat within
763 What causes global warming? atmosphere (enhance greenhouse effect)

Climate change / Ice caps melt / Warming seas dissolve less

764 State three effects of global warming. carbon dioxide
What biological consequences does climate
765 change bring about? Changes in migration pattenrs and species distribution
What biological consequences does melting
766 of ice caps bring about? Loss of habitat --> some animals die --> reduce biodiversity
State the three environmental factors that
Water availability, temperature, (dissolved) atompsheric
can cause a change in the distribution of
gases concentration
767 organisms.

Give three possible reasons to changes in Seasonal changes, geographical changes, result of human
768 environmental factors. interaction
Suggest one positive change on the Maintain rainforests / Reduce water pollution and monitor pH
769 environment due to human interaction. / Restrict entry to protected areas / Conservation measures
Suggest one negative impact on the
770 environment due to human interaction. Global warming and climate change / Acid rain / Pollution
Suggest how organisms may adapt to
771 seasonal changes. Migrate to areas with more ideal conditions
Breeding programmes / Protect and regenerate rare habitats
/ Grow hedgrows / Reduce deforestation and CO2 emission /
Recycling
772 State three methods to maintain biodiversity.
Why is important to protect and regenerate To allow specifically adapted species to live in nature again
773 rare habitats? (as they cannot live in "normal" conditions)

Give one impact on the environment by

774 removing hedgrows. Soil erosion / Reduce soil fertility
 18. Biodiversity and ecosystems
775 What problem is solved by recycling? Avoiding landfills becoming full, which leads to pollution

Suggest a possible challenge in breeding Animals do not reproduce easily or fast / Must avoid
776 programmes. inbreeding / No natural habitats for them to return to

Suggest a possible challenge in

777 reintroducing hedgerows. Loss of land available for growing crops (less profit)
Suggest a possible challenge in buying Resistance from businesses to maintain profit or demand /
778 lands to restrict deforestation. Money needed

Suggest a possible challenge in reducing Lack of scientific research on better engines or methods to
779 carbon dioxide emission. reduce emission

780 Define 'trophic level'. Position of organisms within a food chain

What kinds of organisms are in trophic levels

781 1 and 4 respectively? 1: Producers; 4: Tertiary consumers
State the name given to carnivores with no
782 predators above their level. Apex predators

How do decomposers break down organic Secrete enzymes into the environment --> absorb small
783 matter? soluble food molecules back in through diffusion

What needs to be done to an organism in

784 order to measure its biomass? Kill it + dry them out

What is a problem with measuring wet Water levels vary throughout the day and dependent on
785 biomass? conditions --> less repeatable results

786 State the original source of all biomass. Photosynthesis

Which trophic level is always at the bottom
787 of the pryamid of biomass? Trophic level 1 (producers)
What happens to the amount of biomass at
each trophic level as we go up the food
788 chain? Decreases
1. Not whole/part of organisms are eaten; 2. Some biomass
Give three reasons why biomass always taken in is passed out and lost as waste; 3. Most biomass
decreases as we go up the trophic levels. taken in is used up in respiration, only some used to build
789 new biomass
790 What is incident energy? All the energy from the sunlight falling on Earth
Approximately how many percent of the
incident energy is used by producers to do
photosynthesis?
791 1%
Approximately how many percent of the
biomass from each trophic level is
transferred to the next?
792 10%

Why cannot herbivores digest all the plant

793 material they eat? Most herbivores lack enzymes to digest cellulose
794 Why cannot carnivores eat all of their prey? Some parts are impossible to digest (eg. bones, claws)

What is made from excess amino acids to

795 be excreted as waste? Urea

What are the three waste products from

796 respiration? Carbon dioxide, water, heat
More movement requires more respiration to provide more
Explain why the more movement an animal
energy for muscle contraction, hence less biomass available
does, the more biomass it loses.
to build new biomass
797
 18. Biodiversity and ecosystems
Mammals need to use biomass constantly to maintain body
Explain why mammals need to eat more temp regardless of surroundings, whereas amphibians can
food than amphibians to achieve the same change their body temp according to surroundings, so for
increase in biomass. them more biomass is used to build new biomass (less
798 wasted compared to mammals)

State the four ways in which biomass can be 1. Through faeces; 2. Through urine; 3. To provide energy for
799 lost from an animal. movement; 4. Heat loss from respiration to surroundings
800 What is meant by 'food security'? Having enough food to feed a population
State a consequence from low or lack of
801 food security. Malnutrition/starvation
Increasing birth rates / Changing diets / New pests and
pathogens affecting farming / Environmental changes
affecting food production / Cost of agricultural inputs /
Conflicts affecting access to food and water
802 State three factors that affect food security.
More scarce food resources delivered to developed
How can a change of diet in developed
countries, depriving local people (usually in developing
countries threaten food security?
countries) of their food source
803
Droughts and flooding destroy crops and damage farmlands
804 How does climate change affect farming? (no fertile soil)
What is sometimes fed to livestock to
805 increase their growth? High protein food (eg. other animals)
Why would reducing the stages in the food
chain dramatically increase the efficiency of
our food production?
806 Less biomass/energy lost
State two methods farmers use to increase 1. Limit animals' movement; 2. Control temperature of
807 the efficiency of food production. surroundings
Explain why limiting livestocks' movement
Less movement hence less biomass used up in respiration
could improve the efficiency of food
for muscle contraction
808 production.
Explain why controlling the temperature of
the surroundings can improve the efficiency
Less biomass used in respiration to maintain body
of food production.
809 temperature
Suggest a disadvantage to limiting
810 livestocks' movement. Risk of disease spreading quickly
What is meant by sustainable food The idea to produce food that ensures there is still good
811 production? quality food available for future generations
No more younger fish to grow and reproduce to replace
812 What is the problem with overfishing? them in the future --> low fish stocks

Describe two ways to conserve fish stocks 1. Control net sizes (larger); 2. Introduce fish quotas and
813 at a sustainable level. season bans
What is the role of biotechnology in food Culture genetically engineered microorganisms to produce
814 production? large quantities of food
815 What is mycoprotein? Protein made by fungus
Name the fungus that can be used to
816 produce mycoprotein. Fusarium
What are the two requirements for the
817 fungus to grow to produce mycoprotein? Glucose syrup + Aerobic conditions
State an advantage in using fungi as a
818 renewable food source. Cheap raw material to feed fungi / Reproduce rapidly
State an advantage in using genetically
819 modified crops. Provide more food / food with better nutritional value