Municipal waste water

collection system
Lecture # 2
Water & sewage

By Ermiyas A.
 Contents

Contents

Introduction

Sewerage system

Components of sewerage system

Design principles of sewer

 Introduction
• The waste products of a society including the human excreta had been collected, carried
and disposed of manually to a safe point of disposal at early time & now in developing
countries. i.e. conservative system or dry system
• This brings substantial problems to community in terms of public health & comfort
• This primitive method of collecting and disposing of the society's wastes has now been
modernized and replaced by a system, in which these wastes are mixed with sufficient
quantity of water and carried through closed conduits under the conditions of gravity
flow. i.e. sewerage system or water carriage system
• This mixture of water and waste products, popularly called sewage
• The treated sewage effluents may be disposed of either in a running body of water, or
may be used for irrigating crops.
 Cont’d
 The modern water-carried sewerage system is preferred to the old.
Conservancy system, because of its following points
• Hygiene & sanitary aspect
• Transportation aspect
• Labor aspect
• Building design aspect
• Social attitude aspect
• Risk of epidemics
• Pollution problems
• Cost consideration
Sewerage system
 Key terms & definitions
• Sewerage; –collection, treatment and disposal of liquid waste.
• Sewerage/sewage work - all physical structures required for collection,
treatment and disposal.
• Sewage; liquid waste may include domestic and industrial discharges
as well as storm sewage, infiltration, inflow
• Sewer; pipe or conduits, generally closed, normally not flowing full
and carries sewage
• Storm sewer; carries storm sewage other wastes discharged into streets
or onto surface of the ground
 Cont’d
• Sanitary sewer; carries sanitary sewage and exclude storm sewage,
infiltration and inflow
• Combined sewer; carries both domestic and storm sewage
• Sewage treatment; any process used to favorably modify the characteristics
of the wastewater
• Sewage disposal; discharge of liquid wastes to the environment
Types of waste water
collection system
 Types of sewer system
• Water carriage system can be of two types based on the type of waste
collected. These are;
• 1) separate sewer system
• 2) combined sewer system
 Separate sewer system
• The separate system provides two
separate system of sewers
• The one intended fro conveyance of
foul sewage only; and
• The other for the rain water.
Including the surface washing from
streets, overflow, from public bath
and fountains etc.
• This system considered the system of
choice today
• Swage in SSS is conveyed to
treatment plant before disposal
 Combined system
• The combined system provides only
one sewer to carry both the foul
sewage as well as the rain water
• The sewage and rain water are
carried to the sewage treatment
plant, before its final disposal
• The system is preferred when
rainfall intensity & duration is less
and the area availability is big issues
Combined Vs Separate sewer system
 Sources of Wastewater
• Domestic
• All types of wastewater generated from every room in a house ( bathing,
and laundry)
• Blackwater wastewater from toilets
• Greywater wastewater from all sources except toilets
• Non Domestic
• Discharged by manufacturing processes, hospitals, farms, restaurants and
any other commercial enterprises such as laundry
• N.B. Industrial wastewaters must be pretreated prior to being discharged
to municipal sewer systems e g screening, grit chamber, oil & grease
removal, etc.
 Sewage characteristics
• Sewage is characterized in terms of its physical, chemical and biological
composition.
• 1. Physical Properties :
• Color, Odour, Solids, Temperature.
• fresh domestic sewage has a slightly soapy , or oily odor , is cloudy and contains recognizable solids, often
of considerable size. As the waste ages, its character changes as a result of biological and chemical
phenomena .
• 2. Chemical Constituents :
• Organic
• Carbohydrates, Fats, Oil, Grease, Proteins, and Surfactants
• Inorganic
• pH, Chlorides, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
• Gases
• Hydrogen Sulfide , Methane, Oxygen
• 3. Biological Constituents :
• Animals, Plants, Bacteria, and Viruses
 Sewage characteristics
• The two most important parameters
measured are Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD) and Suspended
Solids (SS)
• BOD is a measure of the amount of oxygen that
sewage consumes over a given time. High BOD is
significant because it means that sewage will
rapidly consume all the naturally-dissolved oxygen
instreams, rivers and lakes, thus killing off all
aquatic life, and rendering the water septic and
foul-smelling
• SS is a measure of the undissolved material
in sewage. High SS leads to sludge
deposits in the waterways, thus causing
significant environmental deterioration
 Quantity of Waste water generated
• For small residential districts; WW flows determined based on
population density and average per capita contribution of WW
• For large residential districts ; WW flows developed based on land
use areas and anticipated population density
• If data is unavailable,
• General assumption will be adopted.
• The quantity of sewage produced depend up on the quantity of water
used.
• Average daily sewage = (70-80)% of average water supplied
 Waste water flow variation
• The generation of WW from
different settings is a function of
time like in rate of water
consumption
• Hence it has to appropriately
understood the design discharge
• The sewer is designed on basis of
peak flow
• However minimum flow is
important design factor as minimum
velocity shouldn’t cause siltation
• i.e. self cleansing velocity
Component of sewer system
 Component of sewer system
• A sewerage system consists of a
network of sewer pipes laid in order to
carry the sewage from individual
homes to the sewage treatment
plant/disposal points. These may
consists of the following;
• Building (house) sewers
• Lateral or branch sewer
• Main sewer
• Trunk sewer
• Interceptor sewer
• Sewer outfall
• Sewer appurtenance
Component of Sewer system
 Sewer system components
• Building (house) sewer
• Connects building plumbing to public sanitary waste collection system
• Conveys waste water from building to lateral or branch sewer
• Normally begins outside the building foundation
• Lateral/branch sewer
• Used to collect WW from one or more building sewer and convey to main
sewer
• It forms the first element in waste water collection system
• It has no other common sewer tributary
• Main sewer
• Collects water from one or more lateral sewers to trunk sewer or intercepting
sewer
 Cont’d
• Trunk sewer;
• They are large sewers that are used to convey WW from main sewer to
treatment plant or disposal facilities or to large intercepting sewers
• Intercepting sewers
• they are the largest sewers that are used to intercept a number of main or
trunk sewers and conveys the WW to treatment or disposal facilities.
• Outfall sewer
• A sewer that receives WW from a collecting system or from a treatment
plant & carries it to a point of final disposal
• Sewer appurtenance
• Pipe fitting such as valves & traps, and manholes, anchorages, & etc
 Sewer flow hydraulics
• Hydraulic design of sewer means finding out their section and gradient
• Domestic and industrial waste water contains lot of suspended, colloidal
and dissolved impurities.
• The velocity of WW is non silting or non scoring velocity
• Normally the sewer size of greater than 0.4 m in diameter are designed as
running 2/3th or 3/4th full at max discharge
• Why is need to provide space in sewer in stead of allowing full flow?
Sewer pipe material
Cont’d
Section end!!!
Question?