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Lecture 2

The document discusses soil properties related to volume and weight relationships. It defines terms like void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation, unit weights, and specific gravity. It provides equations to calculate relationships between these properties and describes laboratory tests to determine specific gravity through measuring weights of soil and water samples.

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45 views32 pages

Lecture 2

The document discusses soil properties related to volume and weight relationships. It defines terms like void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation, unit weights, and specific gravity. It provides equations to calculate relationships between these properties and describes laboratory tests to determine specific gravity through measuring weights of soil and water samples.

Uploaded by

salvador botin
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SOIL PROPERTIES

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
WEIGHT-VOLUME RELATIONSHIP
WEIGHT VOLUME RELATIONSHIP
VOLUME RELATIONSHIP
VOLUME RELATIONSHIP

Void ratio (e)


is defined as the ratio of the
volume of voids to the volume of
soil solids.
VOLUME RELATIONSHIP

Porosity (n)
is defined as the ratio of the volume
of voids to the total volume or
Volume of Soil mass.
 Unit less quantities ,presented in
decimals. 𝑒
 Porosity can never be greater than 𝑛=
100%. 1+ 𝑒
VOLUME RELATIONSHIP

Degree of saturation (S) is defined as


the ratio of the volume of water to
the volume of voids.
The degree of saturation can range
between the limits of zero for a
completely dry soil and 1 (or 100%) for
a fully saturated soil.
VOLUME RELATIONSHIP

Percentage of Air Voids (na)


𝑉𝑎
Ratio of the Volume of Air to the 𝑛𝑎 =
Volume of voids. 𝑉
𝑛𝑎 =𝑛(1 − 𝑆)
VOLUME RELATIONSHIP

Air Content (ac)


𝑉 𝑎
is defined as the ratio of volume of air 𝑎𝑐=
to the volume of voids. 𝑉 𝑣
If soil is saturated (S=1), air content
will be zero (Va=0).
𝑎 𝑐 =1 − 𝑆
WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP
WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP

Moisture or Water Content (ω)


The Water content is defined as ratio
𝑊𝑤
𝜔=
of Weight of water to weight of Soil 𝑊𝑠
Solids.
A drying period of 24 h is normally
adequate for most soils.
WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP

Unit Weight or Moist Unit Weight (γ)


𝑊
is the weight of a soil per unit volume.
γ=
It is also called as bulk unit weight or 𝑉
moist unit weight.
WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP

Dry Unit Weight (γd)


The Dry Unit weight is the weight of a
𝑊𝑠
soil solids to the total volume of Soil.
γ 𝒅=
𝑉
S=0, No Water particles present in
voids (Dry Soil).
WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP

Saturated Unit Weight (γsat)


The Saturated Unit weight is the bulk
𝑊 𝑠𝑎𝑡
unit weight when soil is fully
γ 𝒔𝒂𝒕 =
saturated.
𝑉
S=1, All the voids are filled with
water.
VV=VW
WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP

Submerged Unit Weight (γ’)


𝑊 𝑠𝑢𝑏
′
The Submerged Unit weight is defined γ =
as submerged weight of soil to total 𝑉
volume.
′
Also called as Buoyant Unit Weight or γ = γ 𝑠𝑎𝑡 − γ𝑤
Effective Unit Weight.
WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP

Unit Weight for Zero Air Voids (γzav)


𝐺𝑠 γ𝑤
Zero air void unit weight is the weight γ 𝑧𝑎𝑣 =
of solids per unit volume of a 1+ 𝐺𝑠 𝜔
saturated soil mass
RELATIONSHIP AMONG UNIT WEIGHT, VOID RATIO,
MOISTURE CONTENT, AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
RELATIONSHIP AMONG UNIT WEIGHT, VOID RATIO,
MOISTURE CONTENT, AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Specific Gravity (Gs)


Generally Specific gravity is defined as γ𝑠
the ratio of unit weight of a substance 𝑮𝒔 =
to the unit weight of pure water at 4oC. γ𝑤
Specific gravity can be also defined as
the ratio of the weight of the soil solids W𝑠
to the weight of water of equal volume. 𝑮𝒔 =
𝑉 𝑠 γ𝑤
WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP

Mass Specific Gravity (Gm) γ𝐵


Mass Specific gravity defined as the 𝑮 𝒎=
ratio of Bulk Unit weight of the soil to γ𝑤
Unit weight of water.
Technique

𝑮 𝒔 𝝎 =𝒆𝑺
γ 𝒘 ( 𝑮𝒔 + 𝑺𝒆)
γ …=
𝟏+𝒆
(1+ )
PYCNOMETER TEST
The pycnometer
method is a
precise and
quick laboratory
method to
determine the
specific gravity
or density of a
material
𝑾 𝟐 −𝑾 𝟏
𝑮𝒔 =
( 𝑾 𝟐 −𝑾 𝟏) −(𝑾 𝟑 −𝑾 𝟒 )
SAMPLE PROBLEM
PROBLEM 1
A soil in its natural state has a moisture content of
30% and a unit weight of 16kN/m3. The specific
ASSESSMENT
gravity of the soil particles is 2.50.
• Evaluate the void ratio of the soil sample
• Obtain the Dry Unit Weight in kN/m3
• Evaluate the degree of Saturation in Percent.
ASSESSMENT
PROBLEM 1
In its natural condition a soil sample has a mass of 2290 g
and a volume of 1.15 *10^-3 m3. After being completely
dried in an oven the mass of the sample is 2035 g. The value
of Gs for the soil is 2.68. Determine the:
• bulk density, ASSESSMENT
• unit weight,
• water content,
• void ratio,
• porosity,
• degree of saturation.
PROBLEM 2
The moist unit weight of 0.0102 m3 of soil is 150.41N. If the
moisture content and specific gravity of soil solids are
determined in the laboratory to be 13.2% and 2.72
respectively. Calculate the following:
• Moist Unit Weight,
ASSESSMENT
• Dry Unit Weight,
• Void Ratio,
• Porosity,
• Degree of Saturation,
• Air Content,
• Volume occupied by Water.
PROBLEM 3
In a specific gravity test, the following data were
recorded:
Mass of pycnometer jar = 520 g
Mass of pycnometer jar when full of clean water = 1600 g
Mass of pycnometer containing dry soil only = 950 g
Mass of pycnometer jar containing soil and topped with
water = 1870 g
• Determine the specific gravity of soil sample
• If the void ratio is 0.55, what is the dry unit weight of
the soil?
• Compute the degree of saturation when the moisture
content is 15%
TO GOD BE THE GLORY

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