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Unit2 - Cathode Ray

J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through experiments with cathode rays. Robert Millikan later precisely measured the charge of individual electrons. Rutherford's gold foil experiment disproved Thomson's plum pudding model of the atom and established that atoms have a small, dense nucleus. Neutrons were discovered, completing the nuclear model of the atom with protons, neutrons, and electrons as its main subatomic particles.

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22 views23 pages

Unit2 - Cathode Ray

J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through experiments with cathode rays. Robert Millikan later precisely measured the charge of individual electrons. Rutherford's gold foil experiment disproved Thomson's plum pudding model of the atom and established that atoms have a small, dense nucleus. Neutrons were discovered, completing the nuclear model of the atom with protons, neutrons, and electrons as its main subatomic particles.

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THE DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON

• BY 19TH CENTURY, SCIENTISTS


DISCOVERED THAT MATTER IS
COMPOSED OF INDESTRUCTIBLE
BUILDING BLOCKS CALLED ATOMS
CATHODE RAYS – IN THE LATE 1800'S AN
ENGLISH PHYSICIST NAMED
J.J.THOMSON PERFORMED
EXPERIMENTS TO PROBE THE
PROPERTIES OF CATHODE RAYS.
CATHODE RAYS......

• He constructed a partially evacuated glass tube called cathode ray


tube
• Applied high electrical voltage between the two electrodes
Findings-
1. Cathode rays travel from the negatively charged electrode to the
positively charged electrode
2. The particles that compose the cathode rays travel in straight lines
3. The are independent of the composition of the material from
which they originate
4. They carry a negative electrical charge
J.J.THOMSON CATHODE RAY EXPERIMENT
CATHODE RAY EXPERIMENT
• The electrical charge is the fundamental property of some
of the particles that compose atoms and that results in
attractive and repulsive forces
• Electric Field - The area where the attractive and repulsive
forces exists
• J.J.Thomson measured the charge to mass ratio of the
cathode ray particle by deflecting them using electric and
magnetic fields
• The value measured was –1.76×108 Coulombs per gram
•
ROBERT MILLIKAN

Performed an “oil-drop experiment” to


determine an accurate value for the
charge (and therefore the mass also) of
the electron.
ROBERT MILLIKAN
• Atomizer produces tiny drops of oil
• Drops fall through a very small hole. Only a few drops can
fall through at a time.
ROBERT MILLIKAN
• X rays produce charges on the oil drops.
• Charged plates above and below. Measure quantity of
charge required to stop oil drop from falling.
ROBERT MILLIKAN
• Three forces determine the motion of
the oil drops in this experiment:

• Gravitational (downward)
• Buoyant (upward) because drops
VERY small
• Electric (upward)
ROBERT MILLIKAN

• Density of the oil is known.


• Observe radii of drops with a microscope. (This
is a measure of volume.)
• With these two, mass of each drop can be
determined.
• Gravitational and buoyant forces dependent on
mass, so those known too.
ROBERT MILLIKAN

• Record electric field needed to suspend oil drop


(stop it from dropping).
• The amount of electric charge needed to stop the oil
drop is based on the total amount of charge carried
by the oil drop.
ROBERT MILLIKAN

• By repeating the experiment for many droplets, they


confirmed that the recorded charges were all
multiples of some fundamental value, and calculated
it to be 1.5924 × 10−19 Coulombs. They proposed
that this was the charge of a single electron.
• Their value was within one percent of the currently
accepted value of 1.602176487 × 10−19 coulombs.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

• Atoms are charged neutral.


• The discovery of electron raised a question about
the presence of a positive charge, to neutralize the
negative charge of the electron.
• J.J.Thomson proposed that electrons are held inside
a positively charged sphere – Known as the plum
pudding model
PLUM PUDDING MODEL
DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY
• The discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel
and Marie curie led to the experimental view of the
structure of atom.
• Radioactivity – Emission of small energetic
particles from the core of certain unstable atoms.
• Scientists discovered three types of particles
emitted during radioactivity
• They are α particles,β particles and γ particles
RUTHERFORD'S GOLD FOIL EXPERIMENT
• Rutherford worked under Thomson to confirm his plum pudding
model, conducted an experiment known as the gold foil
experiment.
• He used α particles , which is positively charged, and passed
through an ultra thin gold foil.
• Findings – Most of the α particles pass through with little or no
deflection
• Some particles were deflected
• Some bounced back
• Rutherford created a new model which suggests the existence of
NUCLEAR MODEL - RUTHERFORD
RUTHERFORD'S NUCLEAR MODEL OF ATOM

• Rutherford observed that the mass and charge of the atom must be
concentrated in a space smaller than the size of the atom itself.
• Nuclear Theory has three basic parts -
1. Most of the atom's mass and its charge are concentrated at the
center of the nucleus
2. Most of the volume of the atom is empty throughout which tiny
negatively charged electrons are dispersed
3. The atom is electrically neutral . It has positively charged as well as
negatively charged particles .
RUTHERFORD'S MODEL - INCOMPLETE

• Rutherford's model seemed as incomplete – Compare H and He . H


has one proton and He has 2. But mass of H seems to be ¼ th of mass
of He.
• Rutherford's student James Chadwick discovered that the uncounted
mass is due to the presence of neutrons within the nucleus.
• Mass of neutron is similar to that of a proton but it doesn't have a
charge
• The He atom is 4 times massive than H atom, since it contains 2
protons and 2 neutrons.
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
• Subatomic particles – Protons, neutrons and electrons
compose atoms and the are called subatomic particles
• Protons and neutrons has almost the same mass
• Mass of Proton = 1.67262* 10 -27kg
• Mass of neutron = 1.67493* 10 -27kg
• This mass can be expressed in atomic mass units (AMU)
• AMU - 1/12 th the weight of 1 carbon atom containing 6
protons and 6 neutrons
PROTONS, NEUTRONS AND ELECTRONS
• The mass of proton and neutron is approximately 1
amu and that of an electron is 0.00055amu.
• Both protons and electrons have a charge. Protons are
assigned to have a charge of +1 and electrons are
assigned to have a charge of –1.
• The charge of proton and electron are equal in
magnitude but opposite in sign.
• Neutron has no charge
MATTER IS CHARGED NEUTRAL
• Matter is usually charged neutral - protons and electrons are present in
equal number
• When matter acquires some charge imbalances, it tries to equalize
quickly
• Example : The shock you receive by touching a door nob during dry
weather is an equalization of charge that you developed as walked
across the carpet.
• Can you imagine matter as a sample with only protons or only
electrons?
- Matter would have been unstable with extraordinary repulsive forces

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